{"id":25476990,"date":"2021-07-19T00:11:05","date_gmt":"2021-07-18T18:41:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/?p=25476990"},"modified":"2021-07-27T15:19:26","modified_gmt":"2021-07-27T09:49:26","slug":"tribunals-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/tribunals-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunals in India -Type and Roles"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e688b7631a0\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e688b7631a0\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/tribunals-in-india\/#Tribunals_in_India_%E2%80%93_Overview\" >Tribunals in India &#8211; Overview<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/tribunals-in-india\/#Types_Of_Tribunals_in_India\" >Types Of Tribunals in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/tribunals-in-india\/#Difference_between_Courts_and_Tribunals\" >Difference between Courts and Tribunals<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tribunals in India are set up in order to deliver quick and affordable pronouncement for various disputes. Tribunals in India were established in the year 1985. Originally tribunals were not a part of the Indian Constitution. In other words, tribunals are also called quasi judicial institutions. They are formed to resolve cases relating to taxes, administrative issues etc.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tribunals have various functions including announcing administrative decisions, analyzing and evaluating existing administrative decisions, adjudication of disputes etc.In general tribunals can be a person or an institution who has the authority to decide.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article we will discuss the various tribunals in India, types of tribunals and their roles. Read the complete article to know about tribunals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/entri.sng.link\/Bcofz\/yv45\/8wer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"345\" height=\"345\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-25476681 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner1-1-2.png\" alt=\"blog banner1 (1)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner1-1-2.png 345w, https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner1-1-2-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner1-1-2-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner1-1-2-24x24.png 24w, https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner1-1-2-48x48.png 48w, https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner1-1-2-96x96.png 96w, https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner1-1-2-75x75.png 75w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tribunals_in_India_%E2%80%93_Overview\"><\/span><b>Tribunals in India &#8211; Overview<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We all know that there are countless cases pending their hearing in the judicial courts. Hence tribunals are formed under various statutes. Hence tribunals can avoid the usual route of courts to settle various issues.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This facility of settling issues by institutions other than court was not here in our constitution. Tribunals came into effect in the constitution of India by the 42nd Amendment Act. This amendment was brought in by the recommendation from Swaran Singh Committee. The 42nd Amendment act was introduced in 1985. Some tribunals are government agencies such as boards. They can take decisions as granted to them by law.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 42nd amendment has given the constitution of India the article 323 A and 323 B. Article 323 A is for administrative tribunals. Article 323 B is for other tribunals.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under the article 323 A disputes relating to recruitment and service of people in the public service sector can be resolved. This article can be established only by the parliament. Tribunals falling under article 323 B can be established by both the parliament and state legislatures.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under article 323 A there is only one tribunal for the center and one tribunal for one state or more states. Whereas hierarchy of tribunals could be established under article 323 B.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under article 323 B tribunals are established to solve disputes relating to land reforms, tax, import, export, rent, tenancy issues, foreign exchange, election to the parliament and state legislatures, ceiling on urban property etc.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/entri.sng.link\/Bcofz\/yv45\/8wer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Click here to attempt daily GK and current affair quizzes!<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_Of_Tribunals_in_India\"><\/span><b>Types Of Tribunals in India<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><b>Administrative Tribunals<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The origin of administrative tribunals are statutory in nature. That means these tribunals are regulated by law. These tribunals have certain but not all features of the court. Administrative tribunals can demand the presence of witnesses. They are also permitted to make witnesses take oaths, submit documents etc. Although the administrative tribunals are allowed to make jurisdictions, writs of prohibition can still be issued against these tribunals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These tribunals are flexible and process is fast as compared to courts. They are also a lot cheaper. The procedures that these tribunals follow are easy to understand. They follow the principle of natural justice. These tribunals take fair and impartial decisions. Even for the common mass it won&#8217;t be difficult to follow the procedures of administrative tribunals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We have seen the advantages of administrative tribunals. As we say every coin has two sides. There are certain disadvantages too. Ideally law cannot be exercised by individuals or institutions. Hence these tribunals do not abide by the rule of law. They do not have a uniform code of conduct. Expertise of the individuals or institutions handling tribunals won&#8217;t be as good as those in the courts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are also certain challenges that tribunals face. They include, burdening the courts when disputes cant be settled. The Chandra Kumar Case in 1997 is an example. Lack of proper infrastructure. Certain judicial control needs to be exercised over tribunals in order to obey rule of law. Tribunals can also be subject to the influence of executives.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Other Tribunals<\/b><\/h3>\n<h4><b>Armed Force Tribunals<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are military tribunals<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are established under the Armed force tribunal Act. This act was passed in the year 2007<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Armed fore tribunals settle conflicts of the commission.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They also settle disputes arising due to emoluments, appointments and service provided to the army personnels\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Location of the principal bench of Armed force tribunals is at New Delhi<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AFT&#8217;s also has regional benches<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>Water Disputes Tribunals<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These tribunals are established between the states of India. They are established to settle conflicts between the states regarding the sharing and usage of water flowing in the rivers between various states.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>National Green Tribunal\u00a0<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formation of National Green Tribunal took place in the year 2010<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These tribunals came into effect for solving disputes arising due to environment conservation, forest and natural resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT)<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This tribunal was established in 1941<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They deal with pleas under the direct taxes act<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hearings made by ITAT tribunals are usually final. Appeals can be made only if a considerable question of law arises to resolve.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are 63 benches or Income tax pop tribunal<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difference_between_Courts_and_Tribunals\"><\/span><b>Difference between Courts and Tribunals<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Courts<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tribunals<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Follows the traditional judicial system\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agency that is created by a statute<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They can try cases of all civil suits<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formed to adjudicate cases of a particular kind<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Judges of the court are not dependent on the executives<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members of the tribunal their tenure, terms, services etc are based on the executives\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Judges residing in the court has to be trained in law<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Officers may or may not be trained in law<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Judges are impartial and will not be a matter of dispute\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Judges could be a matter of the dispute\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Works on the procedure of evidence<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adheres to the principle\u00a0 of natural justice<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We hope you liked this article about Tribunals in India. For more such articles subscribe to entri!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/entri.sng.link\/Bcofz\/yv45\/8wer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"970\" height=\"250\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-25476442 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"blog banner (1)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner-1-1-1.png 970w, https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner-1-1-1-300x77.png 300w, https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner-1-1-1-768x198.png 768w, https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/blog-banner-1-1-1-750x193.png 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 970px) 100vw, 970px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tribunals in India are set up in order to deliver quick and affordable pronouncement for various disputes. Tribunals in India were established in the year 1985. Originally tribunals were not a part of the Indian Constitution. In other words, tribunals are also called quasi judicial institutions. They are formed to resolve cases relating to taxes, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":25476992,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[802,558],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25476990","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-general-knowledge"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Tribunals in India -Type and Roles - Entri Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tribunals in india are called quasi judicial institutions. 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