{"id":25509620,"date":"2022-02-12T10:00:36","date_gmt":"2022-02-12T04:30:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/?p=25509620"},"modified":"2022-02-22T21:37:43","modified_gmt":"2022-02-22T16:07:43","slug":"commerce-notes-for-ugc-net","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/","title":{"rendered":"Commerce Notes for UGC NET 2022"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e95af82933b\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e95af82933b\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/#Business_Environment_and_International_Business\" >Business Environment and International Business<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/#Accounting_and_Auditing\" >Accounting and Auditing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/#Business_Economics\" >Business Economics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/#Business_Finance\" >Business Finance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/#Business_Statistics_and_Research_Methods\" >Business Statistics and Research Methods<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/#Business_Management_and_Human_Resource_Management\" >Business Management and Human Resource Management<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/#Banking_and_Financial_Institutions\" >Banking and Financial Institutions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/#Marketing_Management\" >Marketing Management<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/#Legal_Aspects_of_Business\" >Legal Aspects of Business<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/#Income-tax_and_Corporate_Tax_Planning\" >Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>The exams date for UGC NET 2022 has been declared. For achieving the right preparation strategy, we should have a clear idea about the syllabus of both paper 1 and paper 2 of commerce UGC NET 2022. After that, we have to find the right study materials. In this article, a brief form of Commerce Notes for UGC NET 2022 is given.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Business_Environment_and_International_Business\"><\/span><strong>Business Environment and International Business<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Employees, customers&#8217; requirements and expectations, supply and demand, management, clients, suppliers, owners, government actions, technological innovation, social trends, market trends, economic changes, and so on are all part of the business environment. These aspects influence the working of the company directly or indirectly.<\/p>\n<p>International business comprises any kind of business activity that go across national borders.<\/p>\n<p>The most important topics covered under this unit are<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"280\"><strong>Topics <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"284\"><strong>Sub-topics <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"280\">Concepts and elements of the business environment<\/td>\n<td width=\"284\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Economic environment<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Political environment<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Legal environment<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Socio-cultural factors and their influence on business<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Corporate Social Responsibility<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"280\">Scope and importance of international business<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"284\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Globalization &amp; its drivers<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Modes of entrance into international business<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"280\">Theories of international trade<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"284\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Government involvement in international trade<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tariff &amp; non-tariff barriers<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 India\u2019s foreign trade policy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"280\">FDI and FPI<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"284\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Types of FDI<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Costs &amp; advantages of FDI to home and host countries<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trends in FDI<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 India\u2019s FDI policy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"280\">Balance of payments (BOP)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"284\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Importance of BOP<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 components of BOP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"280\">Regional Economic Integration<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"284\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Levels of Regional Economic Integration<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trade creation &amp; diversion effects<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Regional Trade Agreements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"280\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>International Economic institutions<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"284\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 IMF<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 World Bank<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 UNCTAD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"280\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>World Trade Organisation<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"284\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Functions &amp; objectives of WTO<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GATS<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TRIPS<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TRIMS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/entri.sng.link\/Bcofz\/zy47\/2yhh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Click here to view lecture notes for UGC NET Paper 1<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Accounting_and_Auditing\"><\/span><strong>Accounting and Auditing<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Accounting\/accountancy is the quantifying, managing, and communication of financial and non-financial data about economic bodies such as businesses and corporations. Accounting is the language of business. It measures the outcomes of an organization&#8217;s economic activities and communicates this information to the group of stakeholders, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators.<\/p>\n<p>Auditing is a component of the accounting world. It refers to the inspection of accounting and financial documents that are undertaken independently. This is done to finalize if the company or the business undertaking has confirmed its functioning to the laws and the commonly recognized accounting principles. Topics covered under the unit are.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Topics <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Sub-topics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Basic accounting principles<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 concepts<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 postulates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Partnership Accounts<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Admission<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Retirement<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Death<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dissolution<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Insolvency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Corporate Accounting<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Issue, forfeiture &amp; reissue of shares<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Liquidation of companies<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Acquisition<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Merger<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 amalgamation<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 reconstruction of companies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Holding company accounts<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Cost and Management Accounting<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Marginal costing &amp; Break-even analysis<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Standard costing<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Budgetary control<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Process costing<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Activity-Based Costing (ABC)<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Costing for decision-making<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Life cycle costing<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Target costing<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kaizen costing<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0JIT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Financial Statements Analysis<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ratio analysis<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Funds flow Analysis<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cash flow analysis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Human Resources Accounting<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Inflation Accounting<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Environmental Accounting<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Indian Accounting Standards &amp; IFRS<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Auditing<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Independent financial audit<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vouching<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Verification ad valuation of assets &amp; liabilities<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Audit of financial statements &amp; audit report<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cost audit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Recent Trends in Auditing<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Management audit<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Energy audit<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Environment audit<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Systems audit<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Safety audit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Business_Economics\"><\/span><strong>Business Economics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Business economics is a branch of applied economics that examines business enterprises and the factors that contribute to the diversity of organizational structures and businesses&#8217; connections with labor, capital, and product markets using economic theory and quantitative tools. Important subtopics are<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Topics <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Sub-topics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Meaning and scope of business economics<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Objectives of business firms<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Demand analysis<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Law of demand<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The elasticity of demand &amp; its measurement<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Relationship between AR &amp; MR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Consumer behavior<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Utility analysis<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indifference curve analysis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Laws of Variable Proportion<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Laws of Returns to Scales<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Theory of cost<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Short-run cost curves<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 long-run cost curves<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Price determination under different market forms<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Perfect competition<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Monopolistic competition<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oligopoly- Price leadership model<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Monopoly<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Price discrimination<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Pricing strategies<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Price skimming<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Price penetration<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Peak load pricing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Business_Finance\"><\/span><strong>Business Finance<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Business finance means the finances gained by company founders to match their needs, which may include starting a business, procurement of more assets to finance business operations, obtaining funding to purchase capital assets for the business, or dealing with a cash flow crisis. Important topics covered in this unit are<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Topics <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Sub-topics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Finance<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scope of finance<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 sources of finance<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lease financing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Cost of capital &amp; time value of money<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Capital structure<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Capital budgeting decisions<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conventional techniques of capital budgeting analysis<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 scientific techniques of capital budgeting analysis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Theories and policies<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Working capital management<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dividend decision<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Risk and return analysis<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Asset securitization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">International monetary system<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Foreign exchange market<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Exchange rate risk<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hedging techniques<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">International financial markets and instruments<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Euro currency<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GDRs<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ADRs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">International arbitrage<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Multinational capital budgeting<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/entri.sng.link\/Bcofz\/zy47\/2yhh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Click here to attempt a UGC NET 2022 Paper 1 Mock test<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Business_Statistics_and_Research_Methods\"><\/span><strong>Business Statistics and Research Methods<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The use of statistical tools and techniques to business and managerial challenges for the goal of decision making is referred to as business statistics. The topics covered are as follows<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Topic <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Sub-topics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Measures of central tendency<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Measures of dispersion<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Measures of skewness<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Correlation and regression of two variables<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Probability<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Approaches to probability<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bayes\u2019 theorem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Probability distributions<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Binomial distributions<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 poisson distributions<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 normal distributions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Research<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Concept<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 types<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Research designs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Data<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Collection of data<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 classification of data<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Sampling and estimation<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Concepts<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Methods of sampling &#8211; probability and non-probability methods<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sampling distribution<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Central limit theorem<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Standard error<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Statistical estimation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Hypothesis testing<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 z-test<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 t-test<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ANOVA<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chi-square test<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mann-Whitney test (U-test)<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kruskal-Wallis test (H-test)<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Rank correlation test<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Report writing<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Business_Management_and_Human_Resource_Management\"><\/span><strong>Business Management and Human Resource Management<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The coordination and organisation of commercial activities are denoted as business management. Business managers oversee actions and aid the staff in achieving maximum productivity. A business manager is also responsible for overseeing or training new personnel, as well as assisting a company in meeting its operational and financial goals.<\/p>\n<p>Human resource management (HRM or HR) is a calculated method of supervising individuals in a firm or establishment in such a way that they aid the company to acquire a competitive edge. Its goal is to maximize workforce performance in support of a company&#8217;s calculated goals. Below given are the important themes covered.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Topics <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Sub-topics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Principles and functions of management<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Organization structure<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Formal organizations<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 informal organizations<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Span of control<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Responsibility and authority<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Delegation of authority<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 decentralization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Motivation and leadership<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Concept<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 theories<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Corporate governance and business ethics<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Human resource management<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Concept of HR<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 role of HR<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 functions of HRM<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Human resource planning<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Recruitment and selection<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Training and development<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Succession planning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Compensation management<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Job evaluation<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Incentives &amp; fringe benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Performance appraisal comprising 360-degree performance appraisal<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Collective bargaining &amp; employees&#8217; contribution to management<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Personality<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Perception<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Attitudes<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Emotions<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Group dynamics<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Power and politics<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conflict &amp; negotiation<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stress management<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Organizational Culture<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Organizational development<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 organizational change<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Banking_and_Financial_Institutions\"><\/span><strong>Banking and Financial Institutions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A financial institution (FI) is a firm\u00a0involved in the business of dealing with financial and monetary transactions such as deposits, loans, investments, and currency exchange. Financial institutions cover a wide range of business procedures inside the financial services sector including banks, trust companies, insurance companies, brokerage firms, and investment dealers. Important topics covered under this unit are:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Topic <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Subtopics <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Overview of Indian financial system<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Types of banks<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Commercial banks<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Foreign banks<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cooperative banks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Reserve Bank of India<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Functions<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Role and monetary policy management<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Banking sector reforms in India<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Basel norms<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Risk management<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NPA management<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Financial markets<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Money market<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Capital market<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Government securities market<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Financial Institutions<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Development Finance Institutions (DFIs)<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mutual Funds<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pension Funds<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Financial Regulators in India<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Financial sector reforms including financial inclusion<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Digitization of banking and other financial services<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Internet banking<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 mobile banking<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Digital payments systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Insurance<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Types of insurance-<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Risk classification &amp; management<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Factors limiting the insurability of risk<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Re-insurance<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Regulatory framework of the insurance<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 IRDA and its role<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/entri.sng.link\/Bcofz\/zy47\/2yhh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Click to attend business management classes for commerce UGC NET 2022<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Marketing_Management\"><\/span><strong>Marketing Management<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Marketing management is the structural discipline that concentrates on the practical application of marketing orientation, techniques and methods inside ventures and establishments and the management of a company&#8217;s marketing resources and endeavors. Following are the important themes covered under the units<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Topic <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Sub-topic<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Marketing<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Concept<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 approaches<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Marketing channels<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Marketing mix<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Strategic marketing planning<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Market segmentation, targeting and positioning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Product decisions<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Concept<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Product line<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Product mix decisions<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Product life cycle<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 New product development<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Pricing decisions<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Factors affecting price determination<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pricing policies and strategies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Promotion decisions<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Role of promotion in marketing<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Promotion methods \u2013 Advertising<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Personal selling<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Publicity<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sales promotion tools &amp; techniques<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Promotion mix<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Distribution decisions<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Channels of distribution<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Channel management<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Consumer Behaviour<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Consumer buying process<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 factors influencing consumer buying decisions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Service marketing<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Trends in marketing<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Social marketing<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Online marketing<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Green marketing<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Direct marketing<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rural marketing<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CRM<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Logistics management<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Aspects_of_Business\"><\/span><strong>Legal Aspects of Business<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Business Law is also known as Mercantile Law. It deals with the laws based on which every transaction between people and commercial firms are administrated. The Law of Contract is the most significant branch of Mercantile \/Commercial Law. The table below shows the important topics under this unit.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Topics <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Sub-topics <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Indian Contract Act, 1872<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Elements of a valid contract<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Capacity of parties<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Free consent<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Discharge of a contract<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Breach of contract<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 remedies against breach<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quasi-contracts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Special contracts<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Contracts of indemnity &amp; guarantee<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 contracts of bailment &amp; pledge<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Contracts of agency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Sale of Goods Act, 1930<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sale and agreement to sell<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The doctrine of Caveat Emptor<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rights of unpaid seller<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 rights of buyer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Types of negotiable instruments<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Negotiation &amp; assignment<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dishonor &amp; discharge of negotiable instruments<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">The Companies Act, 2013<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nature &amp; kinds of companies<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Company formation<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Management, meetings &amp; winding up of a joint-stock company<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Limited Liability Partnership<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Structure &amp; procedure of formation of LLP in India<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">The Competition Act, 2002<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Objectives<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 main provisions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">The Information Technology Act, 2000<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Objectives &amp; main provisions<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cyber crimes &amp; penalties<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">The RTI Act, 2005<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Objectives<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 main provisions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Patents, trademarks and copyrights<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Emerging issues in intellectual property<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Goods and Services Tax (GST)<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Objectives<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 main provisions<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Benefits of GST<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Implementation mechanism<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Working of dual GST<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Income-tax_and_Corporate_Tax_Planning\"><\/span><strong>Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>An income tax is a tax levied on people or establishments according to the income or profits gained by them. it is usually calculated as the product of a tax rate times the taxable income. Taxation rates may vary by type of taxpayer and the type of income.<\/p>\n<p>Corporate tax planning is a way of deducting tax obligations from a registered firm. The usual ways for achieving this comprises taking deductions on business transport, health insurance of staff, office expenditures, retirement planning, child care, charitable donations etc. A company can substantially legally lessen its tax burden. This should not be mistaken for tax avoidance and all the measures should be done within the context of the law. Following are the topics to be covered under this unit.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Topic <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"301\"><strong>Sub-topic<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Income-tax<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Basic concepts<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Residential status<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tax incidence<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Exempted incomes<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Agricultural income<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Computation of taxable income under various heads<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Deductions from Gross total income<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Assessment of Individuals<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Clubbing of incomes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">International Taxation<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Double taxation &amp; its avoidance mechanism<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Transfer pricing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Corporate Tax Planning<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Concepts<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 significance of corporate tax planning<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tax avoidance versus tax evasion<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Techniques of corporate tax planning<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tax considerations in specific business situations: Make or buy decisions<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Own or lease an asset<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Retain<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Renewal or replacement of the asset<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Shut down or continue operations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"301\">Deduction and collection of tax at source<\/td>\n<td width=\"301\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Advance payment of tax<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 E-filing of income-tax returns<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Now we have a general idea about the important topics covered under the syllabus of Commerce UGC NET 2022 paper 2 and have all the important terms and definitions covered. It is now the duty of the aspirants to structure an efficient plan for preparation and carry it out effectively. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/entri.sng.link\/Bcofz\/zy47\/2yhh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download the Entri app for detailed commerce UGC NET 2022 notes PDF and to watch video lectures of classes taken by professional educators on all the focus areas of commerce UGC NET 2022 syllabus.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The exams date for UGC NET 2022 has been declared. For achieving the right preparation strategy, we should have a clear idea about the syllabus of both paper 1 and paper 2 of commerce UGC NET 2022. After that, we have to find the right study materials. In this article, a brief form of Commerce [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"featured_media":25509631,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[802,864,298],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25509620","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-ebooks","category-ugc-net"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Commerce Notes for UGC NET 2022 - Entri Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/entri.app\/blog\/commerce-notes-for-ugc-net\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Commerce Notes for UGC NET 2022 - Entri Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The exams date for UGC NET 2022 has been declared. For achieving the right preparation strategy, we should have a clear idea about the syllabus of both paper 1 and paper 2 of commerce UGC NET 2022. After that, we have to find the right study materials. 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