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In a conventional petrol engine, the air-fuel ratio is controlled by the carburettor.

The process of mixing air and fuel is called carburation. the device which does the process is called carburettor.
Typical values of air fuel mixture

Stoichiometric air mixture 14.7 :1

Lean air mixture 8:1 to 12:1

Rich air mixture 16:1 to 20 :1

It is the phenomenon of the fuel to pre-ignite or auto-ignite in an engine’s combustion chamber before the spark plug ignition.
Due to this, a shock wave created throughout the cylinder and produces a loud metal clanging noise.
This entire process is called knocking.

When knocking when occurs in compression ignition engine (CI engines) then called detonation

Tolerance
tolerance is the permissible variation in the dimension of a component (hole or shaft), Tolerance has both lower and higher limit. A dimension within the limit is acceptable in the sampling process.

Allowance
allowance is the prescribed difference between dimension of two mating parts. It is the intentional difference between the lower limit of the hole and the higher limit of the shaft.

The Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle involves four components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve/throttle valve and evaporator.
The high-pressure refrigerant flows through a condenser/heat exchanger before attaining the initial low pressure and going back to the evaporator.
The diagram shows different states of gases in refrigeration cycle.

FACTS devices are static power-electronic devices installed in AC transmission networks to increase power transfer capability, stability, and controllability of the networks through series and/or shunt compensation

Cutting tool in a milling machine is mounted on an arbour.
Power transmission from the arbour to the milling cutter takes places through the key.
Spacers are provided in case of multiple cutting tools mounted on an arbour.

Removing a piece of metal of a predetermined shape from the stock is called blanking. Here the removed part is considered as our required product.

Removing a piece of metal from the stock is called punching. Here the stock ( from which the scrap removed)that remains is our required product.

Snip is also called a hand shear. A snip may be used as a pair of scissors to cut sheet metals.

Types of snips

Straight snip
Bent snip

The bent snips are used to cut the inside curved lines and for trimming curved edges.

When the clay content increases the quality of the lime decreases.
Fat lime the best quality lime have less than 5% clay, hydraulic lime have clay content between 5% – 30% and poor clay have clay content greater than 30%.
Fat lime – White in colour.
Hydraulic lime – Bluish grey/ light brown in colour.

When the clay content increases the quality of the lime decreases. Fat lime the best quality lime have less than 5% clay, hydraulic lime have clay content between 5% – 30% and poor clay have clay content greater than 30%.

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