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A caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-facing points. The tips of the caliper are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured and then the caliper is then removed and the distance read by measuring between the tips with a measuring tool, such as a ruler.

A chisel or gouge with a thin blade, used to shape and finish wood by hand. Origin of firmer chisel. French fermoir from Old French alteration ( influenced by fermer to make firm ) of formoir from former to form from Latin formare from forma form.

An N-Type semiconductor is created by adding pentavalent impurities like phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), or bismuth (Bi). A pentavalent impurity is called a donor atom because it is ready to give a free electron to a semiconductor. The impurities are called dopants.

Peak-to-peak (pk-pk) is the difference between the maximum positive and the maximum negative amplitudes of a waveform, as shown below. If there is no direct current ( DC ) component in an alternating current ( AC ) wave, then the pk-pk amplitude is twice the peak amplitude.

Speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf Eb and Eb = V – IaRa. speed inversely proportional to flux in dc motor

E.C.E. stands for Electro Chemical Equilant.
Electrochemical equivalent of a substance is defined as the mass of the substance deposited when a current of 1 Ampere is passed for 1 Second,
In other words , a quantity of electricity of one Coulomb is passed.
Thus the unit is Gram/Coulomb

The ampere was then defined as one coulomb of charge per second. In SI, the unit of charge, the coulomb, is defined as the charge carried by one ampere during one second.

Purely inductive or capacitive circuit:

Phase difference between Voltage and current is p/2. So cos p/2 = 0.
Hence no power dissipated even though current is flowing in the circuit.
This current is known as wattless current.

IGBT stands for insulated-gate bipolar transistor.
It is a bipolar transistor with an insulated gate terminal.
The IGBT combines, in a single device, a control input with a MOS structure and a bipolar power transistor that acts as an output switch.

Diode is called as a unidirectional device. I.e., current flows in only one direction (anode to cathode internally) when a forward voltage is applied, the diode conducts and when reverse voltage is applied, there is no conduction.
A bidirectional device can be created by combining two unidirectional diodes.

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