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Generally, when the engine is cold, the throttle plate will be in closed position and at low temperature, the air valve speeds up the engine idle speed to fast idling.

For starting a cold engine, generally a richer mixture is required.

The major pollutants emitted from the exhaust due to incomplete combustion are
a) carbon monoxide
b) hydrocarbons
c) oxides of nitrogen.

The diagram shows some symmetrical AC wave forms. When the average value of one of the is calculated, only half of the wave form will be considered. This is because when the whole cycle is considered for the calculation, the effect of positive cycle will be always cancelled by the negative cycle. To avoid this, either positive or negative half cycle only is considered to calculate the average value. Its applicable for all types of symmetrical AC waves.

In actual working, as compared to air standard cycle, the effect of variation in specific heats is to decrease maximum pressure and maximum temperature.

Scavenging air is defined as the air used for forcing the burnt gases out of cylinder during the exhaust period.

Brass is used to make radiator pipes due to it heat resistance capacities.

Common forms of absorption dynamo meters are :
a) prony brake
b) rope brake
c) hydraulic brake
d) fan brake
e) electrical brake dynamo meters.

Transmission dynamo meters are also known as torque meters while rope brake and hydraulic brake are types of absorption dynamo meters.

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