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The entry point through which molten metal enters mould cavity is by gate. Gating design is one of the important process for casting process.

Riser is a reservoir of molten metal provided in the casting so that hot metal can flow back into the mould cavity when there is a reduction in the volume of metal due to solidification.

SMPS converts power using switching devices that are turned ON and OFF at higher frequencies.

Ferranti effect is the increase in voltage occurring at the receiving end of a very long (> 200 km) AC electric power transmission line, relative to the voltage at the sending end, when the load is very small, or no load is connected. This is due to the effect of the charging current that may arise by the capacitance offered by the transmission line which is negligible for short transmission lines.

A pitot tube, also known as pitot probe, is a flow measurement device used to measure fluid flow velocity. The pitot tube was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the early 18th century and was modified to its modern form in the mid-19th century by French scientist Henry Darcy.

Backing up force is the force exerted by work piece on chip in normal direction of shear plane. It does not cause any distortion or shape change.

Frictional resistance is the resistance offered between tool and chip interface. It causes generation of heat during welding.

In Percussion welding process the electric energy required for welding is stored in the capacitor. It is a non conventional process of welding.
It is used to join dissimilar metals together, or used when flash is not required at the joint.
Percussion welding is used on materials that have small cross sectional areas.
Advantages of using percussion welding types include a shallow heat affected zone, and the time cycle involved is very short.

E-waste consists of almost 50% of iron and steel.

There are several toxic compounds in E-waste. Amongst all, the most toxic component is Neon.

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