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The break down voltage of a transistor with its base open is BVCEO and. An increase in the base recombination of a BJT will increase.

Direct current is the most suitable for insulation resistance measurement.
When DC is employed the value obtained is resistance since the capacitive and inductive effects of the DC current are nil.
When AC is employed the value obtained will be impedance of the system.
The resistance actually shows the healthiness of the insulator, not the impedance. So DC is most suitable.
The diagram below shows the arrangement for insulation testing.

As shown in the diagram in a single phase system, in the main switch there will be a fuse on the line and a link on the neutral.

All the factors mentioned decides the severity of electric shock. The current flow through the left side is more severe than that through the right side due to the issues caused to the heart if the flow is through the left side of body. Different effects of electric shocks are shown in the diagram.

An ECLB identifies small stray voltages of the electrical device on the metal enclosures and intrude the circuit if a dangerous voltage is identified. The main purpose of Earth leakage circuit breaker (ECLB) is to stop damage to humans & animals due to electric shock that may arise due to the direct connection of the equipment’s body in contact with the supply mains to the ground though living beings.

Brick masonry is measured in volume for thickness more than single bricks.
For masonry with single bricks, it is measured in square meters.
Honeycomb brickwork.:A brick bond characterized by the absence of certain bricks for decorative purposes, or to allow ventilation or provide a screened effect.

In Civil Engineering , before taking up the any construction its lifespan is decided and built it accordingly. After the end of useful life span, it will be dismantled. Scrap value is nothing but the selling value of dismantled components of a structure.

An antenna is an array of conductors , electrically connected to the receiver or transmitter. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all horizontal directions equally, or preferentially in a particular direction .An antenna may include components not connected to the transmitter, parabolic reflectors, horns, or parasitic elements, which serve to direct the radio waves into a beam or other desired radiation pattern . so for high frequency and long distance antenna is used

For non-coherent detection, information should be send in amplitude and frequency. If we send information in phase the carrier is not recovered at the receiver and in PSK information is send in phase. so it will not recover the signal.

Recommended Gradient As per IRC

Plain or Rolling Terrain
Ruling gradient:- 1 in 30 (3.3%).
Limiting gradient:- 1 in 20 (5%).
Exceptional gradient:- 1 in 15 (6.7%).
Mountainous Terrain
Ruling gradient:- 1 in 20 (5%).
Limiting gradient:- 1 in 16.7 (6%).
Exceptional gradient:- 1 in 14.3 (7%).
Steep Terrain
Ruling gradient:- 1 in 16.7 (6%).
Limiting gradient:- 1 in 14.3 (7%).
Exceptional gradient:- 1 in 12.5 (8%).

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