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Alum having a higher density gets adsorbed to the surface of heavier particles and gets suspended. The water from the top is provided to the outlet.
Oxidation ditches are using activated sludge process with a longer retention time. they have aeration rotors which give proper aeration and circulation. All these factors lead to higher BOD removal.
Its defined as the number of hectares under a particular crop, brought to the state of maturity by a constant supply of one cubic metre of water per second flowing continuously for the base period. Its expressed normally in hectares per cubic meters per second.
Turbidity is basically the loss of transparency by the liquid. The amount of loss of transparency is termed the turbidity measured by means of turbidimetre.
Nitrates from polluted drinking water form compounds in the body that change haemoglobin to methemoglobin, decreasing the ability of blood to carry oxygen. The lips turn blue as a symptom.
1,10 phenanthraline is a white liquid used for determing the iron content concentration in water. Eriochrome Black T is used in determining the water hardness.
Ring system can be adopted in case of a city growing gradually into outskirts where as the grid can be adopted for a well planned growing city. When it is haphazard growth tree system can only be employed as the branches of distribution is unpredictable.
Use of I-control along with P-control facilitates elimination of offset