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On-Off control is the simplest form of feedback control. An on-off controller simply drives the manipulated variable from fully closed to fully open depending on the position of the controlled variable relative to the setpoint. A common example of on-off control is the temperature control in a domestic heating system.

A pH instrument consists of three main components (Figure 1): 1) pH measuring cell; 2) reference cell; and 3) display meter. pH Measuring Cell – Hydrogen sensitive glass blown onto the end of an inert glass stem.

For getting both wattmeter the same reading, the power factor of the circuit must be unity

The stokes theorem gives the integral of the curl of a vector field on a surface in therms of the integral of the vector field on the boundary that encircles that surface. So, the divergence of the curl being zero means that the boundary has no boundary.

It is a direct run off hydrograph based on linear systems theory.
It can be used to estimate the flood in the entire water shed irrespective of the topographical difference.
Unit hydrograph assumes uniform distribution of rainfall over the catchment.
Also the intensity is assumed constant for the duration of rainfall excess.

It states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. It explains that the energy is conserved in the whole system.

Pitot tube is used to measure the velocity of the flowing fluid. It is directly connected to a differential pressure meter to asses the pressure of flow also.

Feed forward, sometimes written feedforward, is a term describing an element or pathway within a control system that passes a controlling signal from a source in its external environment to a load elsewhere in its external environment.

Bimetallic Thermometer. Definition: The bimetallic thermometer uses the bimetallic strip which converts the temperature into the mechanical displacement. The working of the bimetallic strip depends on the thermal expansion property of the metal.

Positioning controllers are used for high loads

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