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It is commonly employed in the case of standard penetration test and in sampling of disturbed soils.
The split spoon sampler is a tube split into two equal halves lengthwise.

The main constituent of a Portland cement is Lime, Calcareous or calcium carbonate, in the form of limestone, chalk and marl which is a mixture of clay and calcium carbonate.

The rotameter’s operation is based on the variable area principle: fluid flow raises a float in a tapered tube, increasing the area for passage of the fluid. The greater the flow, the higher the float is raised. The height of the float is directly proportional to the flowrate.

Faraday’s Law The operation of a electromagnetic flowmeter is based upon Faraday’s Law, which states that the voltage induced across any conductor as it moves at right angles through a magnetic field is proportional to the velocity of that conductor.

Faraday’s Formula
E is proportional to V x B x D where:

E = The voltage generated in a conductor
V = The velocity of the conductor
B = The magnetic field strength
D = The length of the conductor

A proportional controller with a gain of Kc is used to control a first order process.
The offset will increase, if Kc is increased.

consolidation is any process which involves a decrease in water content of saturated soil without replacement of water by air. The primary or initial consolidation is relatively a sudden process as compared to that of secondary consolidation.

Basically Darcy’s law is the one that explains, the flow of liquid through a porous medium. In case of soil that is saturated, Darcy explains velocity is directly proportional to the hydraulic gradient.

A foundation is considered shallow when the ratio of depth to width is less than 1 and deep when the ratio is greater than 1.
Placed near the surface of the ground and transfers building loads to the soil relatively close to the surface.
Shallow foundations are commonly used when the upper layers of the soil are stable and can adequately support the building
loads.

Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.
Poorly drained fine-grained soils such as sandy, silty, and gravelly soils are the most susceptible to liquefaction.

The angle of repose, or critical angle of repose, of a granular material is the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be piled without slumping

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