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Elementary Profile of a Gravity Dam. The elementary profile of a dam, subjected only to the external water pressure on the upstream side, will be rightangled triangle, having zero width at the water level and a base width (B) at bottom, i.e.the point where the maximum hydrostatic water pressure acts.

A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river, channel, or conduit carrying flow. The rate of flow is typically expressed in cubic meters or cubic feet per second (cms or cfs).
A hyetograph is a graphical representation of the distribution of rainfall intensity over time.

Concurrent forces : The forces, which meet at one point, are known as concurrent forces.

Ayacut : The area served by an irrigation project such as a canal, dam or a tank.
Catchment area : the area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, or reservoir.

Silt particles range between 0.0039 and 0.0625 mm, larger than clay but smaller than sand particles. ISO 14688 grades silts between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm (sub-divided up into three grades fine, medium and coarse 0.002 mm to 0.006 mm to 0.020 mm to 0.063 mm).

If water reaches the ground surface under the natural pressure of the aquifer, the well is termed a flowing artesian well
An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer containing groundwater under positive pressure. An artesian aquifer is trapped water, surrounded by layers of impermeable rock or clay which apply positive pressure to the water contained within the aquifer

Importance of bulking of sand :
(1) When moisture content is increased by adding more water, the sand particles pack near each other and the amount of bulking of sand is decreased. Thus the dry sand and the sand completely flooded with water have practically the same volume.
(2) The coarse aggregate is little affected by the moisture content.
(3) One of the reasons of adopting proportioning by weight is the bulking of sand as proportioning by weight avoids the difficulty due to the bulking of sand.
(4) The bulking of sand should be taken into account when volumetric proportioning of the aggregates is adopted. Otherwise, less quantity of concrete per bag of cement will be produced, which naturally will increase the cost of concrete. Also, there will be less quantity of line aggregate in the concrete mix which may make the concrete difficult to place.

The ?vector sum? of any two of any forces in coplanar system will have ?magnitude? equal to the third force. Because at equilibrium the vector sum of all vectors involved is zero.

Datum : The level surface (real or imaginary) used for reference is called a datum
A benchmark is a point of reference by which something can be measured. In surveying
Base line : one of known measure or position used (as in surveying or navigation) to calculate or locate something
Changing point : A surveying point on which a level rod is held, after a foresight has been made on it, and before the differential-leveling instrument is moved to another station so that a backsight may be made on it to determine the height of instrument after the resetting

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