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Theodolite is an instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
Least count is the smallest value that can be measured by a theodolite.
Least count of theodolite ids generally taken as 20 seconds.

Temporary adjustment of the theodolite
1-Setting of theodolite on tripod
2-Centering the theodolite by plump bob
3- Leveling by adjustment of bubble tube
4- Elimination of parallax

Foundation plays a crucial role in providing support, stability, and load distribution for the entire structure.
Foundations serve to transfer the weight of the building and its occupants to the underlying soil or rock, ensuring that the structure remains stable and secure.
Choice of type foundation depends on:
- Soil type and soil conditions.
- Building loads like super imposed load.
- Material used.
- Local climate.
- Construction budget.

It is important to note that IS 456 mandates that the minimum grade of concrete has to be M20 for RCC structures and buildings.
Grade of concrete shall not be less than M20.
M20 is the minimum grade requirement of concrete for reinforced cement concrete work with mix ratio 1: 1.5: 3, means 1 part of cement, 1.5 parts of fine aggregate and 3 parts of coarse aggregate.
If design mix concrete cannot be used for any reason on the work for grades of M20 or lower, nominal mixes may be used with the permission of engineer-in-charge, which however is likely to involve a higher cement content.

Ranging rodes are used to locate intermediate points such that these points lie on a straight lines joining the end stations.

The purpose of level tube in the levelling instrument is to make the line of sight horizontal .
The line of sight is provided by a telescope.

A staff reading taken on a bench mark or a point of known elevation is called Back sight reading.

RL of B=RL of A BS – FS
Back sight BS=2.100
Fore sight FS=1.000
ie RL of B =100.00.100-1.000
=101.100

The power of a telescope to form distinguishable images of objects separated by small angular distance is called resolving power of telescope.

Seggegation in concrete-Separation of coarse aggregates from fine aggregates.

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