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- The Indian Standard (IS) code for earthing is IS 3043:2018.
- It is titled “Code of Practice for Earthing” and provides guidelines and recommendations for the design, installation, testing, and maintenance of earthing systems for electrical installations in India.
- The code covers various aspects of earthing, including types of earthing systems, selection of earthing materials, calculation of earth resistance, and safety considerations.
- It aims to ensure the safe and effective earthing of electrical installations to protect people, equipment, and property from electrical faults and lightning.
Distance between pipe earth should be minimum 5 mtr & and for plate earth it should be 8 mtr .
- The distributor’s function is to route secondary current from the ignition coil to the spark plugs in the correct firing order.
- And also for the correct amount of time.
Otto cycle is a gas power cycle that is used in SI engines ( petrol engines).
An Otto cycle consists of four processes:
Two isentropic (reversible adiabatic) processes,
Two isochoric (constant volume) processes.
Diesel engines produce higher torque at low speeds, works in higher compression ratios. So it is suitable for heavy loads.
- Atomisation is a process of breaking bulk liquids into small fine droplets.
- The component of fuel injection system which atomizes fuel is injection nozzle.
2 revolution = 1 power stroke
1200 revolution = 600 power stroke /minute = 10 power stroke/s
- Open cycle gas turbine – Brayton cycle.
- Closed cycle – Rankine cycle.
- Open-cycle gas turbines (OCGTs) are the simplest application of gas combustion for power/electricity generation.
Cam shaft rotates at half the speed of crank shaft
A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction.

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