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Kirchhoff’s law of heat radiation states that the emissivity of radiating bodies is equal to their absorptivity.

Side cutting angle is the angle between side cutting edge and longitudinal axis of the tool. It controls the direction of chip flow and avoids the formation of built up edge

Bending moment, Deflection , Stiffness, Economy of the section, bearing stress etc should be considered in the design of beam.

For,

stable equilibrium: metacentre should be above centre of gravity,
unstable equilibrium: metacentre should be below centre of gravity,
neutral equilibrium: metacentre and centre of gravity should coincide

Pitot tube is used to measure the velocity of fluid by measuring the static and dynamic pressure difference.

Since the T beam is cast monolithically with the slab, the flange also takes up the compressive stresses which mean, it will be more effective in resisting the sagging moment acting on the beam. For larger spans, T beams are usually preferred rather than rectangular beam as the deflection is reduced to a good extent.

Shear reinforcements are provided in columns in order to prevent buckling of column and bursting of lateral reinforcement into the concrete cover under the vertical forces (compression force) specially in the middle of the column by holding the longitudinal bars in position.

Circular shape has the most uniform stress distribution. The stress generated by fluid in the tank distributes equally in all directions. In case of rectangular or square shapes, the stress concentration would be too high in corners.

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