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Structurally, the stem, heel and toe of the cantilever retaining wall acts as cantilever elements due to the action of soil pressure on them.
Carbon percent in Cast iron is normally greater than 2 %.
Cast iron : 2.1 to 4.5%
Grey cast iron: 3 to 4 %
White cast iron: 2.5 to 3%
Malleable cast iron: 2.3 to 2.7%
Martensite is supersaturated interstitial solid solution of carbon in body centred tetragonal iron. Alpha iron has body centred cubic crystals.
The dry density achieved by field compaction expressed as a percentage of the maximum dry density in a particular laboratory test is called relative compaction. Usually, 90 to 97% relative compaction can be achieved in cohesive soils using pneumatic type rollers.
Sheep foot roller also named tamping roller. Contact pressure of sheep foot roller varies from 1200- 7000 Kpa.
In the shear box test or direct shear test, the specimen is not failing along its weakest plane but along a predetermined or induced failure plane i.e, horizontal plane seperating the two halves of the shear box.
Muller Breslav?s principle may be stated as, the ordinate of influence lines for any stress element (such as axial stress, moment or reaction) of any structure are proportional to those of the deflection curve, which is obtained by removing the rest raint corresponding to that element from the structure and introducing in its place a unit deformation in to primary structure which remains.
If the splices occur in locations of minimum stress (such as a point of inflection), they can be smaller, provided calculations confirm adequate strength.
no load current and full load currents are almost same due to magnetizing and loss currents formed in the air gap.
Field lines and equipotential surfaces are orthogonal