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RC differentiator output for a square wave input consists of narrow positive and negative spikes as the input pulse changes value.

The DIAC is a full-wave or bi-directional semiconductor switch that can be turned on in both forward and reverse polarities. The DIAC gains its name from the contraction of the words DIode Alternating Current. The DIAC is widely used to assist even triggering of a TRIAC when used in AC switches.

Coefficients approaching zero can be obtained by alloying certain metals. A negative coefficient for a material means that its resistance decreases with an increase in temperature. Semiconductor materials (carbon, silicon, germanium) typically have negative temperature coefficients of resistance.

The process of adding impurities to intrinsic semiconductors to alter their properties is called doping . Trivalent and Pentavalent elements are used to dope Silicon and Germanium. When an intrinsic semiconductor is doped with Trivalent impurity it becomes P-Type semiconductor. P stands for Positive, which means the semiconductor is rich in holes or Positive charged ions. When doped with Pentavalent impurities we get N-Type semiconductor, where N stands for Negative. N-type semiconductors have Negative charged ions or in other words have excess electrons in it.

An n-type semiconductor has mainly negative charge carriers (electrons) which are able to move freely, but it is still neutral because the fixed donor atoms, having donated electrons, are positive .

The UJT has three terminals: an emitter (E) and two bases (B1 and B2) and so is sometimes known a “double-base diode”. The base is formed by a lightly doped n-type bar of silicon.

These electrons and holes in gets attracted by Electro static force of attraction creating a dielectric or immobile charges.

The varactor diode is named because of the variable reactor or variable reactance or variable capacitor or variable capacitance property of these diodes. A varactor diode is considered as a special type of diode that is widely used in the electronics industry and is used in various electronics applications

These bases are lightly doped and very thin, it passes most of the emitter-injected electrons on to the collector. The doping level of collector is intermediate between the heavy doping of emitter and the light doping of the base. The collector is so named because it collects electrons from base.

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