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In this process, the value of each signal sample is represented by a value selected from a finite set of
possible values. Hence this process is known as ?quantization?.

Quantization error is the difference in the signal obtained after sampling i.e., x(n) and the signal obtained after quantization i.e., xq(n) at any instant of time.

The state diagram provides exactly the same information as the state table and is obtained directly from the state table.

Whatever the input given to the devices are in the form of pulses always. That is why it is known as a fundamental mode.

Initially, all the flip-flops are RESET. So, the initial content is 000. At the first negative transition of the clock, the counter content becomes 101.

Since, in the down counter, the counter content is decremented by 1 for every negative transition.
Hence, in a 3-bit asynchronous down counter, at the first negative transition of the clock, the counter content becomes 111.

CLR stands for clearing or resetting all states of flip-flop. In order to c.heck the CLR function of a counter, apply the active level to the CLR input and check all of the Q outputs to see if they are all in their reset state.

Modulus is defined as the maximum number of stages/states a counter has. It is independent of the number of states the counter will actually traverse.

The sequential circuit is a special type of circuit that has a series of inputs and outputs.
The outputs of the sequential circuits depend on both the combination of present inputs and previous outputs. The previous output is treated as the present state.
A sequential circuit design is used to count in a random manner which is faster than the combinational circuit.
It is used for storing data.

Since a counter is constructed using flip-flops, therefore, the propagation delay in the counter occurs only due to the flip-flops. Each bit has propagation delay = 12ns. So, for 5 bits = 12ns X 5 = 60ns.

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