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The fact that digital representation is composed of individual, discrete symbols (decimal digits and abacus beads) necessarily means that it will be able to symbolize quantities in precise steps. On the other hand, an analog representation (such as a slide rule’s length) is not composed of individual steps, but rather a continuous range of motion. The ability for a slide rule to characterize a numerical quantity to infinite resolution is a trade-off for imprecision. If a slide rule is bumped, an error will be introduced into the representation of the number that was “entered” into it. However, an abacus must be bumped much harder before its beads are completely dislodged from their places (sufficient to represent a different number).

Flip flops can be activated with either a positive or negative edge trigger.

The two stable states of combinational circuits are 1 and 0.
Whereas, in flip-flops there is an additional state known as Forbidden State.
Combinational circuits are digital circuits that produce output signals solely based on the current input signals.

Active low indicates that only an input value of 0 sets or resets the circuit.

Xc = the electrical size of coupling capacitor
Relation of Xc with the signal frequency (f):
Xc = 1 Xc is inversely proportional to f.
At low frequencies, Xc becomes very large; output reactance of capacitor increases.
The voltage across load resistance also reduces because some voltage drop takes place across Xc.
Thus output voltage reduces. Therefore gain is very low.

The human hearing scale is logarithmic in nature. For doubling perceived intensity of sound, the sound power must be increased by 10 times. That means the gain of amplifier which controls sound intensity must have gain of 10 for doubling perceived intensity of sound which is in a bell and in 10 decibel scale.

For self-oscillating circuits, the loop gain A? must be equal to 1, otherwise there will be the effect of noise.

The average value of saturation factor is equal to loop gain of the particular circuit, usually it will be nearly equal to 1.

In Class A amplifier, if the collector current flows all times during the full cycle of the input signal, the power amplifier is known as class A power amplifier. It is less used for higher power output stages, as it has poor efficiency. So it consists of only one transistor

The theoretical maximum efficiency of a Class A power amplifier is 50%. In practice, with the capacitive coupling and inductive loads (loudspeakers), the efficiency can decrease as low as 25%. This means 75% of power drawn by the amplifier from the supply line is wasted.

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