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Plasma screens, as the name suggests, use a matrix of tiny gas plasma cells charged by precise electrical voltages to create a picture. LCD (liquid crystal display) screens are in layman’s terms sandwiches made up of liquid crystal pushed in the space between two glass plates.

A logic probe is a hand-held test probe used for analyzing and troubleshooting the logical states (boolean 0 or 1) of a digital circuit. While most logic probes are powered by the circuit under test, some devices use batteries.

A logic analyzer can be triggered on a complicated sequence of digital events, then capture a large amount of digital data from the system under test (SUT). When logic analyzers first came into use, it was common to attach several hundred “clips” to a digital system. Later, specialized connectors came into use.

The overall gain of a multistage amplifier is given as the product of the gain of the individual stages.
Gain (A) = A1 A2 A3 ? An
Alternately, if the gain of each stage is given in db
The overall gain of the amplifier is the sum of gain of each stage
Gain in db = A1 + A2 + A3 (db)
= 10+6+15 = 31db.

Logic analyzers are test instruments that are widely used for testing complex digital or logic circuits. They meet the need for users who need to be able to investigate and understand the operation of these circuits.

the Cathode Ray Tube generates the beams, accelerates it at high velocity and deflect it for creating the images on the phosphorous screen so that the beam becomes visible.

The digital oscilloscope digitises and stores the input signal. This can be done by the use of CRT (Cathode ray tube) and digital memory.

The maximum frequency of the signal which is measured by the digital oscilloscope depends on the two factors. Theses factors are the

Sampling rate

Nature of converter.

Most commonly used transistors have a voltage gain of in the range of 50-200. Only some specially designed transistors have a transistor parameter in the range of 1000.

A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the spectrum of known and unknown signals.

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