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The ripple frequency of the output and input is same. This is because, one half cycle of input is passed and other half cycle is seized. So, effectively the frequency is the same.

Optocouplers can be used to isolate low-power circuits from higher power circuits and to remove electrical noise from signals. Optoisolators are most suited to digital signals but can also be used to transfer analog signals.

A laser diode, (LD), injection laser diode (ILD), or diode laser is a semiconductor device similar to a light-emitting diode in which a laser beam is created at the diode’s junction.

The choice of the semiconductor material determines the wavelength of the emitted beam, which in today’s laser diodes range from infra-red to the UV spectrum.

Optical amplifiers are important in optical communication and laser physics. They are used as optical repeaters in the long distance fiberoptic cables which carry much of the world’s telecommunication links

When a positive terminal is connected to the anode, the diode is forward biased which lets the flow of the current in the circuit.

Binary to hexadecimal

Start at the rightmost digit and break the binary number up into groups of four digits. (nibbles)
Next, convert each group of four digits into decimal.
Convert each decimal value into its hex equivalent.
Put the hex digits together.
Here, 1111=F

A full adder circuit will add two bits and it will also accounts the carry input generated in the previous stage.
Thus three inputs and two outputs (Sum and Carry) are there.
A full adder circuit is central to most digital circuits that perform addition or subtraction.

The process of entering data into ROM is known as programming the ROM.

There are two voltage levels for Positive logic system,

Higher voltage represents Logic 1

Lower voltage represents Logic 0

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