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When one terminal of a capacitor is connected to the terminal of another capacitors , called series combination of capacitors. In series, each capacitor has same charge flow from battery.
When capacitors are connected in parallel, the total capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitors’ capacitances.

A photo detector has a p? junction that converts light photons into current. The absorbed photons make electron?ole pairs in the depletion region. Photodiodes and photo transistors are a few examples of photo detectors. Solar cells convert some of the light energy absorbed into electrical energy.

An ideal inductor is an electrical component that has no resistance and no capacitance and has only inductance. Since an ideal inductor has no resistance it will not radiate or dissipate any energy.

The size of the barrier voltage at the p-n junction is depends on, the amount of doping, junction temperature and type of material used. The barrier voltage for silicon diode is 0.7 volts and for germanium is 0.3 volts

In a transistor, one of the outside layers is called the emitter, and the other is known as the collector. The middle layer is the base. The places where the emitter joins the base and the base joins the collector are called junctions. The layers of an NPN transistor must have the proper voltage connected across them. The width of the collector layer in a transistor is much greater than that of the base region.

In n-type semiconductor, free electrons are the majority charge carriers and holes are the minority charge carriers. In npn transistor, the left side n-region (emitter) is heavily doped. So the emitter has a large number of free electrons.

A photovoltaic cell (PV cell) is a specialized semiconductor diode that converts visible light into direct current (DC). Some PV cells can also convert infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation into DC electricity. … Large sets of PV cells can be connected together to form solar modules, arrays, or panels.

A solar panel works by allowing photons, or particles of light, to knock electrons free from atoms, generating a flow of electricity. Solar panels actually comprise many, smaller units called photovoltaic cells. … To work, photovoltaic cells need to establish an electric field.

CDs are small plastic discs on which sound, especially music, can be recorded. CDs can also be used to store information which can be read by a computer. CD is an abbreviation for ‘compact disc’. Recording in compact disc is done with the help of laser.

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