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when photo diode is used in reverse bias the amount of electrons flowing through the PN junction barrier are proportional to the amount of light incident on the diode. A current is generated in a depletion region due to the absorbed light. This the amount of current is proportional to the light intensity

FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM). Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio. The frequency band for FM radio is about 88 to 108 MHz. The information signal is music and voice which falls in the audio spectrum. The full audio spectrum ranges form 20 to 20,000 Hz, but FM radio limits the upper modulating frequency to 15 kHz.

The level of doping in a semiconductor affects its resistance, the more heavily doped layers having the lowest resistance. … It is necessary, because of the depth of this area to move the charge carriers (electrons and holes) as quickly as possible to give the photodiode a fast response to changes in light level.

The frequency range used for RADAR is UHF and Microwave. Most radars, in practice, operate between 400 MHz to 36 GHz; however, there are some notable exceptions. The optical and radio portions of the electromagnetic spectrum occupy positions coincidental with two important transparent bands in the Earth’s atmosphere and ionosphere.

Persistence of vision is the optical phenomenon where the illusion of motion is created because the brain interprets multiple still images as one. The persistence of vision of normal human eye is 1/16 s.

A power level is a logarithmic quantity used to measure power, power density or sometimes energy, with commonly used unit decibel (dB).

The working principle of a photodiode is, when a photon of ample energy strikes the diode, it makes a couple of an electron-hole. … Therefore, holes in the region move toward the anode, and electrons move toward the cathode, and a photocurrent will be generated.

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According to the given table, Yellow, Violet, Red indicates 4.7kOhms.

Conduction angle is the angle at which the SCR/Thyristor in On State and experience the current flow. The SCR naturally gets turned off when the Supply voltage reaches zero. In SCR if the conduction angle is less, the output is less.

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