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Antimony is a pentavalent type doping material. Pentavalent elements are those elements which have five electrons in their outer shell. To make the n-type semiconductor, pentavalent impurities like phosphorus or arsenic are added. Four of the impurities’ electrons form bonds with the surrounding silicon atoms. This leaves one electron free.

A dynamic microphone is a acoustical type transducer. ie A dynamic microphone is a transducer audio device that converts sound (mechanical wave energy) into audio (electrical energy) via a moving electrically conductive diaphragm, a permanent magnetic structure, and the principle of electromagnetic induction.

OP-AMP may be used as summing amplifier, differentiator, voltage comparator.
In the most basic circuit, op-amps are used as voltage amplifiers, which can be broadly divided into noninverting and inverting amplifiers.
Voltage followers (also simply called buffers) are a type of commonly used noninverting amplifiers.
Op-amps are also used as differential amplifiers, integrator circuits, etc

The 555 Timer IC got its name from the three 5KO resistors that are used in its voltage divider network. This IC is useful for generating accurate time delays and oscillations.The timer IC 555 is an 8 pin IC.

An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily used as an electronic switch, which, as it was developed, came to combine high efficiency and fast switching. As of 2010, the IGBT is the second most widely used power transistor, after the power MOSFET.

7912 Is a negative voltage regulator. The name ??ndicates negative and the term ??ndicates the voltage. So ?12?eans that this IC will regulate a negative 12V for projects. 78 series for positive voltage regulators.

The Online UPS is a type of UPS that supplies power to the AC load through the Rectifier and Inverter Combo in normal operation and uses an inverter to supply AC power during a power failure.
Therefore, the output power supply always stays ON and there is no need for switching.
In Online UPS the battery is connected all the time to the inverter.

8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology. It is used in washing machines, microwave ovens, mobile phones, etc. The program counter in 8085 microprocessor is of 16 bit

A transformer that increases the voltage from primary to secondary (more secondary winding turns than primary winding turns) is called a step-up transformer.
In the National Grid, a step-up transformer is used to increase the voltage and reduce the current.

The potential difference required for the electrons to be passed across the electric field is called the potential barrier.
The barrier potential of a P-N junction depends on the type of material, amount of doping and temperature of the semiconductor.
For silicon it is about 0.7V, for germanium, it is about 0.3V.

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