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Most TRIACs can be triggered by applying either a positive or negative voltage to the gate (an SCR requires a positive voltage). Once triggered, SCRs and TRIACs continue to conduct, even if the gate current ceases, until the main current drops below a certain level called the holding current.

TRIACs’ bidirectionality makes them convenient switches for alternating-current (AC). In addition, applying a trigger at a controlled phase angle of the AC in the main circuit allows control of the average current flowing into a load (phase control).

The DIAC is a diode that conducts electrical current only after its breakover voltage, VBO, has been reached momentarily. The term is an acronym of “diode for alternating current”.

A thyristor has three terminals: anode (positive terminal), cathode (negative terminal), and gate (control terminal).

A thyristor has three terminals: anode (positive terminal), cathode (negative terminal), and gate (control terminal). The gate controls the flow of current between the anode and cathode. The primary function of a thyristor is to control electric power and current by acting as a switch.

Unlike two layers (P-N) in the diode and three layers (P-N-P or N-P-N) in transistors, the silicon controlled rectifier consists of four layers (P-N-P-N) with three P-N junctions that are connected in series.

UJT is a three-terminal, single-junction, two-layered device, and it is similar to a thyristor compare to a transistors. It has a high-impedance off state and low-impedance on state quite similar to a thyristor.

In differential amplifier due to symmetry, both transistors are biased and matched. Therefore, Voltage at each collector will be same.

For example, consider a single voltage supply +15v. During positive half cycle the output will be +5v and -10v during negative half cycle.
Therefore, the maximum peak to peak output swing, -5v (-10v) = -15v (Asymmetrical swing).
So, to get symmetrical swing both positive and negative supply voltage with bias point fixed suitably is required.

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