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The time period of a monostable 555 timer is T = RC?ln(1/3) = 1.1.RC.

The resistor R of the monostable circuit is replaced by a constant current source. So, that the capacitor is charged linearly and generates ramp signal.

In monostable operation mode, if input trigger pulses are generated from a rotating wheel, the circuit will determine the wheel speed whenever it drops below a predetermined value. Therefore, it can be used for speed control and measurement.

Input resistance is infinite so almost any signal source can drive it and there is no loading of the preceding stage.

Output voltage is proportional to input voltage only until it reaches the saturation voltage. The output cannot exceed the positive and negative saturation voltage. These saturation voltages are specified by an output voltage swing rating of the op-amp for given values of supply voltage

The peak input voltage is smaller than the input voltage due to the presence of diode(s).
A single diode reduces the output voltage by approximately 0.7V.
the Peak Inverse Voltage of a rectifier depends on the type of rectifier used.
For a half wave rectifier, the PIV is smaller than the input voltage, while for a full wave rectifier, the PIV is greater than the input voltage.

Bridge rectifier is a better alternative for a full wave rectifier.
A bridge rectifier which uses four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration to convert AC signal into DC signal.
The main difference between bridge rectifier and center tapped full wave rectifier is that, bridge rectifier produces almost double the output voltage using the same secondary voltage.
Bridge Rectifiers are widely used for supplying power to various electronic basic components.
The purpose of the Bridge Rectifier is to convert the AC power into DC power. It is the most resourceful rectifier circuit from others. The power conversion in this device is very efficient.

A capacitor is parallel with a resistor can only makes ripples go away. Series connection will become equal to an open circuit once the capacitor is fully charged.

The time period of the output waveform for a square wave generator is T= 2RC ln?[(2R1+ R2)/( R2)].

The Hartley oscillator is parallel to the Colpitts apart from that it uses a pair of tapping coils as an alternate of two tapped capacitors. In radio receiver, this oscillator is used and it has a wide range of frequency

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