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The status register holds the present data. Or in other words, it stores the immediate data. Thus it can store only 1 bit at a time.

Groups of 4 are called ‘Nibble’. Suppose, we have a 16-bit register, and it is divided into 4 groups. Each group will have 4 bits, this can be called a ‘Nibble’.

For binary transmission, the maximum theoretical data rate or channel capacity C for a given bandwidth B is C = 2B = 2(36) =72Mpbs.

at times there is more traffic than there are transponders to handle it. For that reason, numerous techniques have been developed to effectively increase the bandwidth and signal-carrying capacity of the satellite. Two of these techniques are known as frequency reuse and spatial isolation.

In the frequency reuse technique two systems use the same frequency, although operating on exactly the same frequencies, they are isolated from each other by the use of special antenna techniques. For example, a vertically polarized antenna will not respond to a horizontally polarized signal and vice versa. Or a left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) antenna will not respond to a right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) signal and vice versa.

By using narrow beam or spot beam antennas, the area on the earth covered by the satellite can be divided up into smaller segments. Earth stations in each segment may actually use the same frequency, but because of the very narrow beam widths of the antennas, there is no interference between adjacent segments.

Signal flow graphs are used to find the transfer function of control system by converting the block diagrams into signal flow graphs or directly but cannot be used for nonlinear systems

The relationship between input and output variable of a signal flow graph is the overall gain of the system.

Communication satellites are not originators of information to be transmitted. If a transmitting station cannot communicate directly with one or more receiving stations because of line-of-sight restrictions, a satellite can be used. The transmitting station sends the information to the satellite, which in turn re-transmits it to the receiving stations

The transmitter-receiver combination in the satellite is known as a transponder. The basic functions of a transponder are amplification and frequency translation. The reason for frequency translation is that the transponder cannot transmit and receive on the same frequency

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