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To be economically feasible, a satellite must be capable of handling several channels. As a result, most satellites contain multiple transponders, each operating at a different frequency. Each transponder represents an individual communication channel

VHF, UHF, and microwave signals penetrate the ionosphere with little or no attenuation and are not refracted to earth.
Lower frequencies undergo total internal refraction and get reflected back to earth

Most new communication satellites will operate in the Ku band. This upward shift in frequency is happening because the C band is overcrowded. Many communication satellites are in orbit now, most of them operating in the C band. However, there is some difficulty with interference because of the heavy usage. The only way this interference will be minimized is to shift all future satellite communication to higher frequencies.

In klystron amplifier, the electron beam passes through two or more resonant cavities. The first cavity accepts an RF input and modulates the electron beam by bunching it into high density and low density regions

Klystron amplifier offers a very narrow operating bandwidth. This is overcome in travelling wave tube (TWT). TWT is a linear beam amplifier that uses an electron gun and a focusing magnet to accelerate beam of electrons through an interaction region

In a backward wave oscillator, the RF wave travels along the helix from the collector towards the electron gun. Thus the signal for oscillation is provided by the bunched electron beam itself and oscillation occurs

Extended interaction oscillator is a linear beam oscillator that uses an interaction region consisting of several cavities coupled together, with positive feedback to support oscillation

The Percentage Unbalance is given by (10V * 100 / 430V) = 2.3%

The basic purpose of dimmer is to increase or decrease the voltage which is fed to the buck boost transformer. 50% of the output voltage is increased or decreased by dimmer only.

High voltage correction accuracy with output of ?1 voltage correction.

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