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The difference between FM modulated frequency and normal frequency is termed as Frequency Deviation and is denoted by ?f.
The deviation of the frequency of the carrier signal from high to low or low to high can be termed as the Carrier Swing.

Amplitude Limiter in FM receivers are used to eliminate the amplitude changes caused due to noise interference. It does so by clipping the amplitude of output signals to the desired level, irrespective of any variations in the input signal.

AVC stands for Automatic Volume Control. It automatically adjusts the volume of an audio signal with respect to the surrounding noise, to make the signal be heard better and also to compensate noise to some extent

The maximum transmission efficiency is 33.33%. It is so because 2/3rd of the total power is contained in the carrier, which conveys no useful information. Thus, only 1/3rd of total power has useful information which is transmitted. This happens in case of SSB-SC Modulation, where the carrier is suppressed and only either of the sidebands is allowed to pass.

Transmitter is used to produce radio waves which are then sent to the antennae to transmitted.
It encodes or modulates the message signal before transmission.
Transducer converts a signal from one form of energy to other.
Receiver detects and amplifies information signal from the carrier.

It is used in forced commutation. When using D.C. supply, we make use of external circuit and other active/passive components to reduce the passing current’s value below holding current. That means we forces the forward current to come to zero value. Therefore it is called forced commutation.

Class A commutation is also known as self commutation, or resonant commutation, or load commutation. In this commutation, the source of commutation voltage is in the load.

In class E commutation, an external pulse source is used to produce the reverse voltage across the SCR. If the SCR need to be commutated, pulse duration equal to the turn OFF time of the SCR is applied. When the SCR is triggered, load current flows through the pulse transformer.If the pulse is applied to the primary of the pulse transformer, an emf or voltage is induced in the secondary of the pulse transformer.

To reduce the side lobes, it is desirable to optimize the frequency specification in the transition band of the filter. This optimization can be accomplished numerically on a digital computer by means of linear programming techniques.

To reduce side lobes, it is desirable to optimize the frequency specification in the transition band of the filter.

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