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Advantages of spread spectrum are low susceptibility, reduced interference, immunity to jamming and co existence of multi path system.

Frequency hopping spread spectrum is better for avoiding jamming

QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is a method of combining two amplitude modulation (AM) signals into a single channel.
QAM uses in phase and quadrature which is cosine and sine respectively as the dimensions.

BPSK is similar to bipolar PAM and both have same probability of error.

Digital microwave relay, dial up modem and etc uses QAM modulation technique

The basic requirements of a transmitting antenna are high gain and efficiency while requirements of receiving antennas are low side lobes and large signal to noise to ratio.

In non coherent reception of FSK, energy in each frequency is measured

Every frequency has two orthogonal functions ?ine and cosine

If we correlate the received signal with only one of the orthogonal function for example sine, the inner product obtained will be zero

A simulation of digital communication system is used to estimate bit error rate.

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