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The MOSFET is very far the most common transistor and can be used in both analog and digital circuits. The MOSFET works by electronically varying the width of a channel along which charge carriers flow (electrons or holes).

The N-channel JFET? channel is doped with donor impurities meaning that the flow of current through the channel is negative (hence the term N-channel) in the form of electrons.

Likewise, the P-channel JFET? channel is doped with acceptor impurities meaning that the flow of current through the channel is positive (hence the term P-channel) in the form of holes.

The output voltage of a phase detector is a dc voltage and is often referred to as error voltage. This output is applied to the low pass filter which removes the high frequency noise and produces a dc level.

The change in frequency of the incoming signal can be tracked when the PLL is locked. So, the range of frequencies over which PLL
maintains the lock with the incoming signal is called as the lock in range.

Forward biasing voltage on the junction diode results in the depletion layer becoming very thin and narrow which represents a low impedance path through the junction thereby allowing high currents to flow.

The Zener diode doesn? get damaged despite this massive amount of current flowing through it. This unique functionality makes it very useful for many applications.

In tunnel diode, electric current is caused by ?unneling?The tunnel diode is used as a very fast switching device in computers. It is also used in high-frequency oscillators and amplifiers.

Sawtooth waveform has unequal rise and fall times. It may rise positively many times faster than it falls negatively or vice versa

Udamped oscillation requires tuned circuit, amplifier and feedback circuit

Free running multivibrator operates at a frequency which is determined by an external tuning capacitor and a resistor. On applying a dc control voltage the frequency can be shifted on either sides. This frequency deviation is directly proportional to the dc control voltage and hence it is called as ?oltage controlled oscillator?/p>

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