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In all-pass filter, the output and input voltages are equal in amplitude for all frequencies. This filter passes all frequencies equally well and with phase shift and between the two function of frequency.

The stability and high frequency noise problem are corrected by addition of two components to the differentiator:

  1. Internal resistor in series with internal capacitor and
  2. Feedback capacitor shunts with feedback resistor.

An electric filter is often a frequency selective circuit that passes a specified band of frequencies and blocks or alternates signal of frequencies outside this band.

Filters are classified based on the design technique (analog or digital), elements used for construction (active or passive) and operating range (audio or radio frequency).

At audio frequencies, inductor becomes problematic, as the inductors become large, heavy and expensive.

The active filters enclose as a capacitor in the feedback loop and avoid using inductors, this way inductorless active filter are obtained.

For low frequency applications more number of turns of wire must be used, which in turn adds to the series resistance degrading inductor? performance.

Doppler effect is used for measuring speed, spotting moving target and determining lateral distance.

The integrator is most commonly used in analog computers mainly for signal wave shaping.

If the input frequency is lower that the lower frequency limit of the integrator (i.e. when gain = 0), there will be no integration results and the circuit act like a simple inverting amplifier.

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