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The emitter saturation current varies from transistor to transistor with temperature. Therefore, the input and reference voltage are applied to separate log-amps and two transistors are integrated close together in the same silicon wafer. This provides a close match of the saturation currents and ensures good thermal tracking.

The diode acts as an ideal diode, since the voltage across the ON diode is divided by the open loop gain of the op-amp. As the input voltage starts increasing in the positive direction, the output of the op-amp also increases positively till the diode become forward biased.

Negative halfwave rectifier circuit with two diodes are used so that the output of the op-amp does not saturate. Thus, minimizes the response time and increases the operating frequency range.

The output resistance of the circuit is non-uniform as it depends on the state of diode. That is, the output impedance is low when diode is on and high when diode is off.

An ideal operational amplifier has infinite input impedance, infinite open-loop gain, zero output impedance, infinite bandwidth, and zero noise.
It has positive and negative inputs which allow circuits that use feedback to achieve a wide range of functions.
There are no bandwidth limitations in an ideal op amp.

Log amps are used to compress the dynamic range of a signal. The fundamental log amp circuit consists of a grounded base transistor in the feedback path.

In an op-amp clipper circuits a rectifier diode is used to clip off certain portions of the input signal to obtain a designed output waveform.

The clipping level is determined by the reference voltage which should be less than the input voltage range of an op-amp.

When input voltage is higher than reference voltage, the op-amp operates in open loop and diode become reverse biased. Thus, the output voltage will be equal to reference voltage.

A circuit or a group of circuits connected together as a system is said to be stable, if its output reaches a fixed value in a finite time.

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