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Holozoic nutrition is a method of nutrition that involves the ingestion of liquid or solid organic material, digestion, absorption and assimilation of it to utilize it.
It includes taking in the complex substances and converting them into simpler forms.
Phagocytosis means ‘to eat’, it is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle.
It forms an internal compartment called the phagosome.

Flavr Savr tomato is the first genetically modified food crop with a license for human consumption.
By genetic modification, the ripening process of the tomato was slowed down for preventing the soft rot.
The technology used antisense gene against the enzyme polygalacturonase and thereby inactivating it.
This enzyme normally degrades the pectin of the cell wall and results in softening of the tissue.

Episomes can be inserted into a host genome.
It is a genetic element inside some bacterial cells, especially the DNA of some bacteriophages.
This can replicate independently of the host and also in association with a chromosome with which it becomes integrated.

Most cells require a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane for structure and to prevent the osmotic pressure differences between the inside and outside of the cell.
Animal cells have pumps and transporters in the cell membrane to remove or acquire solutes and water thus preventing cytolysis.
Animal cells do need structural support but this is achieved by the cytoskeleton within the cell and not a cell wall surrounding the cell.

Base pairing between adenine and thymine can be found in DNA only.
There are two hydrogen bonds holding the two nitrogenous bases together.
One of the hydrogen bonds is formed between one of the Hydrogen atoms of the amino group at C-6 of adenine and the Oxygen atom of the keto group at C-4 of thymine.

The 23S rRNA is a 2,904 nucleotide long.
It makes up the peptidyl transferase center (PTC).
The ribosomal peptidyl transferase , which is the most common binding site for antibiotics.
It does this by inhibiting translation, making it a target for ribosomal engineering.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 was awarded jointly to Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith “for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.”
Restriction enzyme, also called restriction endonuclease, a protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule.
In the bacterial cell, restriction enzymes cleave foreign DNA, thus eliminating infecting organisms.

Endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain.
Some, such as deoxyribonuclease I, cut DNA relatively nonspecifically without regard to sequence.
Many, typically called restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, cleave only at very specific nucleotide sequences.
Endonucleases differ from exonucleases, which cleave the ends of recognition sequences instead of the middle (endo) portion.

Kary Banks Mullis was an American biochemist.
In recognition of his role in the invention of the polymerase chain reaction.
PCR is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies (complete copies or partial copies) of a specific DNA sample.
It allows scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) to a large enough amount to study in detail

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