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COX-1 is known to be present in most of the tissues in our bodies.
In the gastrointestinal tract, COX-1 maintains the normal lining of the stomach and intestines.
Also, it protects the stomach from the digestive juices.
The enzyme is also involved in kidney and platelet function.

An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms.
It helps in regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions.
The most biological processes are regulated by enzymes.

In an antibody, the Fab (fragment, antigen-binding) region is formed from the amino-terminal end of both the light and heavy chains of the immunoglobulin polypeptide.
This region, called the variable (V) domain, is composed of amino acid sequences.
This defines each type of antibody and their binding affinity to an antigen.

A Monoclonal antibody, represents antibody from a single antibody producing B cell.
Therefore only binds with one unique epitope.
It can produce large quantities of identical antibody.
High specificity to a single epitope.
Reduced probability of cross reactivity.

Nudation- It is the development of a bare site uninhabited by any organisms.
Invasion- The process of invasion helps the arrival of seeds, spores or other reproductive propagules.
Completion- Once the few initial species have become established the intra as well as interspecific competition among species starts.
Reaction- The environmental conditions get modified by the action of species occupying the habitat.
Stablization is the process by which the climax community gets established.

Pyramid of energy represents the amount of energy at each trophic level.
In any ecosystem, flow of energy declines as it passes from lower to higher trophic level.
Hence, p yramid of energy is always upright indicating that herbivores have a better energy conversion efficiency than carnivores.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that traps infrared radiation heat in the atmosphere.
It is the carbon source for plants.
It is an effective gas and it helps in maintaining the greenhouse framework that helps to characterize the modern climate.
If there is no CO2, It would translate into a global cooling of about 2.5 degrees.

Interferons are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses.
A virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to increase their anti-viral defenses.
IFNs belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines.
Interferons are named for their ability to “interfere” with viral replication by protecting cells from virus.

A somatic cell hybrid formed by fusion of normal lymphocytes and tumor lymphoma cells.
B cell hybridomas are the most useful source of monoclonal antibodies.
The hybridoma cells are able to produce antibody like the normal parent and to proliferate indefinitely in culture like the parent tumor cells.

Agglutination is an antigen-antibody reaction.
It is a particulate antigen combines with its antibody.
It happens in the presence of electrolytes at a specified temperature and pH resulting in the formation of visible clumping of particles.
It occurs optimally when antigens and antibodies react in equivalent proportions.

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