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Reimer Tiemann reaction is a type of substitution reaction, named after chemists Karl Reimer and Ferdinand Tiemann. The reaction is used for the ortho-formylation of phenols.

When phenols is treated with chloroform in the presence of NaOH / KOH , an aldehyde group (-CHO) is introduced at the ortho position of the benzene ring leading to the formation of o-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The reaction is popularly known as the Reimer Tiemann reaction.

An oxidizing agent (often referred to as an oxidizer or an oxidant) is a chemical species that tends to oxidize other substances, i.e. cause an increase in the oxidation state of the substance by making it lose electrons.

An oxidizing agent is a substance that transfers at least one electronegative atom to a chemical species in a chemical reaction

A redox reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred between two reactants participating in it. This transfer of electrons can be identified by observing the changes in the oxidation states of the reacting species.

The loss of electrons and the corresponding increase in the oxidation state of a given reactant is called oxidation. The gain of electrons and the corresponding decrease in the oxidation state of a reactant is called reduction.

Iron is more reactive than copper. Hence, Cu will not displaces iron from iron sulphate solution. Hence, no reaction will take place.

When iron rod is kept dipped in copper sulphate solution for sometimes a brown coating is formed on the solution on the iron rod. This happens, according to reactivity series, because iron is more reactive than copper. So iron displaces copper from copper sulphate and forms iron sulphate.

? Fossil fuels like petroleum coal and natural gas are Non-renewable sources of energy.

? The source which are perennial and give energy continuously and which do not deplete with use are called Renewable source of energy.

? Biomass, biogas, hydrogen, alcohol etc are Renewable Energy.

? Quantum theory was proposed by max plank.

? Niels Bohr proposed atom model on the basis of quantum theory.

? According to the classical electromagnetic laws electrons which revolve around the nucleus emit energy in the form of radiation so that electrons which lose energy falls down into the nucleus. A satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon is obtained by the introduction of max planks quantum theory.

? Atom is electrically neutral because of the number of protons and electrons are equal.

? The moving particle of an atom: electron.

? The chemical property of substances is determined by electrons.

?Nucleus contains Positively charged protons and neutrons. Charge of neutron is always zero.

? Fuels are substances used for producing heat energy. It is an important source of energy when they burn, they release large amount of energy.

? Fuels can have partial combustion or complete burning.

? Fossil fuel: Fossil fuels is an invaluable source of energy produced due to chemical changes taking place in the absence of oxygen, in plants and animals that have been buried deep in the earth’s crust for many million years.

Ocean is a great reservoir of energy. The energy of sea is mainly utilized in three ways.

? wave energy

? Tidal energy

? Ocean Thermal energy

Sea waves have kinetic energy. Energy of sea water is got from wind. Wind is produced due to solar energy. Therefore, sun is the main source of energy. We can make use of this energy to run the turbine of a generator and to produce electricity in large quantities. Kinetic energy contained in the sea waves is called Wave energy.

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