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? Boyles law states that the volume of fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature.
? The reason for increasing size of bubbles when it approaches to the surface of water is an application of Boyles law.
? Weather balloons rise in the air and when it reached in a low-pressure situation, according to boyles law, the volume of gas filled in balloon increases.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the radiation .
Spectroscopy helps astronomers to determine the composition, temperature, density, and motion of an object. Infrared spectroscopy helps to identify the atoms and molecules in the object.
The lines of spectrum of the hydrogen atom when emitted are divided into a number of spectral series with wavelength that is given by the Rydberg formula. The spectral lines are formed due to the electrons making a transition or movement between two energy levels in an atom.
Paschen series is a sequence of absorption or emission lines along the near infrared part of the hydrogen atom. This is caused by the electron jump between the 3rd energy level and the higher levels .
A metalloid is an element that has properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. Metalloids can also be called semimetals .
Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium are commonly recognised as metalloids .
? The apparent change in the observed frequency of a wave due to the relative motion between the source of wave and the observer is called Doppler effect.
Eg: One of the most common examples is that of the pitch of a siren on an ambulance or a fire engine. You may have noticed that as a fast moving siren passes by you, the pitch of the siren abruptly drops in pitch. At first, the siren is coming towards you, when the pitch is higher.
? Loudness is the measure of audibility produced by sound in a person. This depends on the intensity, frequency and efficiency of the ear. This is also called sound pressure level.
? The unit of sound level is decibel (db) . This can be measured by an instrument called decibel meter.
?Sound higher than 120 db are painful to the ear.
? If the natural frequency of a body undergoing forced vibration is the same as that of the forcing body then they are said to be in Resonance.
? When we strike the strings of the veena, the whole surface of the veena including the air coloumn undergoes induced vibration. So we hear more sound. When we strike the stretched string the air column related to it does not vibrate. So much induced vibration does not take place as in the veena. There is an air filled part inside the veena. That is its inside is hollow.
Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture . The mixture is dissolved in a fluid (gas , solvent , water, …) called the mobile phase , which carries it through a system (a column , a capillary tube , a plate , or a sheet) on which is fixed a material called the stationary phase .
Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) , gasoline or petrol , kerosene , jet fuel , diesel oil and fuel oils .
Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts , or fractions . Chemical compounds are separated by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the mixture will vaporize .
Sigma and pi bonds are types of covalent bonds that differ in the overlapping of atomic orbitals . Covalent bonds are formed by the overlapping of atomic orbitals. Sigma bonds are a result of the head-to-head overlapping of atomic orbitals whereas pi bonds are formed by the lateral overlap of two atomic orbitals .