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A process by which a solvent passes through a porous membrane in the direction opposite to that for natural osmosis when subjected to a hydrostatic pressure greater than the osmotic pressure.

Reverse osmosis is a process that removes foreign contaminants, solid substances, large molecules and minerals from water by using pressure to push it through specialized membranes. It is a water purification system used to improve water for drinking, cooking and other important uses.

In chemistry , a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances . In such a mixture , a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance , known as a solvent .

Filtration is a method for separating an insoluble solid from a liquid . When a mixture of sand and water is filtered : the sand stays behind in the filter paper (it becomes the residue ) the water passes through the filter paper (it becomes the filtrate ) .

Nitric acid , also known as aqua fortis and spirit of niter , is a highly corrosive mineral acid . The pure compound is colorless , but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water .

Nitric acid is used in the production of ammonium nitrate for fertilizers , making plastics , and in the manufacture of dyes . It is also used for making explosives such as nitroglycerin and TNT . When it is combined with hydrochloric acid , an element called aqua regia is formed .

s orbitals are non – directional because they have spherical symmetry which means that the probability of finding an electron at a particular distance from the nucleus is same in all directions as compared with a p orbital . In any atom , the size of the s orbital increases as the principal quantum number of the orbital increases but its geometrical shape remains same .

? A galaxy is a huge mass of stars, nebulae and interstellar material.

? Our nearest galaxy Andromeda million light years away.

? From the billion of galaxies, three basic types are identified. they are ;

1.Spiral galaxies

2.Elliptical galaxies

3.Irregular galaxies

? The milky way and the great galaxy in andromeda are the example of large spiral galaxies (disc- shaped with greater concentration of stars near their centre).

? About one – quarter of all galaxies have this shape.

? About 14 million years ago, the universe materialized out of nothing for unknown reasons infinitely smaller than an atom to begin with the universe expanded to a trillion kilometers across in under a second, this event is called big bang.

? This is marked as the moment of the birth of universe.

? The theory was proposed by a Belgian astronomer Canon Lemaitre.

Van der Waals forces include attraction and repulsions between atoms , molecules and surfaces , as well as other intermolecular forces .
Unlike ionic or covalent bonds , these attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond ; they are comparatively weak and therefore more susceptible to disturbance .
The Van der Waals force quickly vanishes at longer distances between interacting molecules .

Lattice energy is defined as the energy required to separate a mole of an ionic solid into gaseous ions . Lattice energy cannot be measured empirically , but it can be calculated using electrostatics or estimated using the Born-Haber cycle .

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