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Alkali metals acquire , noble gas configuration after losing 1 electron , therefore their second ionization energy is higher than alkaline earth metals .

Ionisation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated neutral gaseous atom or molecule.

Ionization energy decreases down the group , due to increase the atomic size .

They can attain the noble gas electronic configuration by the removal of one electron which is a stable configuration . Due to low ionization potential and having the smallest nuclear charge they can easily lose an electron . Hence , alkali metals are considered as a powerful reducing agent .

The representative elements are elements where the s and p orbitals are filling . Alkaline earth metals belongs to group 2 elements in the periodic table and it is belongs to s block .

The alkaline earth metals (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) are the second most reactive metals in the periodic table and, like the Group 1 metals, have increasing reactivity in the higher periods.

? Dwarf planets are round in shape but smaller than true planets.

? The famous dwarf planet is pluto, which was classed as a true planet until 2006.

? The other two important dwarf planets are eris and ceres. Eris is the largest dwarf ceres is the smallest dwarf planet.

? Every major body in the solar system orbits the sun anticlockwise.

? The planets are on near- circular orbits in the same plane as the disc of gas and dust formed.

? Comets arrive from all direction, moons and planets are traveling in the same orbits because they are trapped by gravity.

? The two moons of Mars are Phobos and Deimos.

? Phobos is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Deimos.

? Phobos is named after the Greek god Phobos, a son of mars and venues and twin brother of Deimos.

? Mars is known as red planet. The reddish colour of mars is due to the presence of iron oxide.

? The largest volcano in the solar system Olympus Mons seen in mars.

? Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system.

? Important satellites are Titan, Tethys, Atlas, Pandora.

? Titan is the largest satellite of Saturn.

? The prominent feature of Saturn is the rings around it.

Metallic radius is defined as one – half of the distance between the nuclei of two atoms in crystal or between two adjacent metal ions in the metallic lattice .
Metallic radii decreases across the period due to an increase in the effective nuclear charge .
Metallic radii increases down the group due to increase in principal quantum number .

Sodium amalgam , commonly denoted Na(Hg), is an alloy of mercury and sodium . The term amalgam is used for alloys , intermetallic compounds, and solutions (both solid solutions and liquid solutions) involving mercury as a major component .

Sodium amalgam has been used in organic chemistry as a powerful reducing agent , which is safer to handle than sodium itself . It is used in Emde degradation , and also for reduction of aromatic ketones to hydrols .

A reducing agent is an element or compound that loses an electron to an electron recipient in a redox chemical reaction

The greater reducing character of Li than Na is due to its greater hydration energy .
Lithium being small in size has high ionization energy.
The reducing character increases from Na to Cs .

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