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The minimum distance of clear vision for a normal healthy eye of a human being is supposed to be 25 cm.
If an object is placed at a distance less than this, from the eye, it will not be seen distinctly.
Therefore, for a normal eye, in case of an adult, the least distance of distinct vision is 20 to 25 cm.
Clear vision in the normal eye results from light rays passing through the cornea, pupil and lens, and focusing directly on the retina.

There are 46 chromosomes (23 pair) in human beings. Of these, 44 are somatic chromosomes and two are sex chromosomes. A somatic chromosome pair contains two identical chromosomes. Thus in human beings there are 22 pairs of somatic chromosomes.

Sex chromosomes are of two types. They are called X chromosome and Y chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes and males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. ie., the genetic makeup of female is 44 + XX and that of male is 44 + XY.

There are 46 chromosomes in human beings. Of these, 44 are somatic chromosomes and two are sex chromosomes. A somatic chromosome pair contains two identical chromosomes. Thus in human beings there are 22 pairs of somatic chromosomes.

Sex chromosomes are of two types. They are called X chromosome and Y chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes and males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. ie., the genetic makeup of female is 44 + XX and that of male is 44 + XY.

Proteins required for treatment:

Interferons – Viral diseases
Insulin – Diabetes
Endorphin – Pain
Somatotropin – Growth disorders

Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection is the book wriitten by Charles Darwin.

Lamarck – Philosophie zoologique.

Hugo deVries – The Mutation Theory

Stanley Miller – The Origins of Life on the Earth

Ardipithecus ramidus – The most primitive member of the human race. Fossils were discovered from Africa.
Homo habilis – Made weapons from stones and bone pieces. Fossils were discovered from Africa.
Homo neanderthalensis – Contemporary to modern man. Fossils were discovered from Europe and Asia.
Homo sapiens – Modern man. First fossils were discovered from France.

Nitrogen gas (chemical symbol N) is generally inert, nonmetallic, colorless, odorless and tasteless. Its atomic number is 7, and it has an atomic weight of 14.0067. Nitrogen has a density of 1.251 grams/liter at 0 C and a specific gravity of 0.96737, making it slightly lighter than air.

Lymphocyte – Identifies and destroys germs specifically.
Neutrophil – Engulfs bacteria, synthesizes chemicals that destroy bacteria.
Monocyte – Engulfs and destroys germs.
Eosinophil – Synthesizes chemicals that destroy foreign bodies. Synthesizes chemicals required for the inflammatory responses.

B- Lymphocytes produce certain proteins that act against antigens. These are called antibodies.

T-Lymphocytes:

Stimulate other defense cells of the body.
Destroy the cells affected by virus.
Destroy cancer cells.

Homeopathy is the method of treatment proposed by the German doctor, Sammuel Haniman.
Hippocrates paved the way for modern medicine. He began a treatment system that discarded superstitious beliefs and emphasized only on pathogens, diagnosis and medicines.
Edward Jenner, was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world’s first vaccine.

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