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Cranial nerves – 12 pair
Spinal nerves – 31 pair

Cranial nerves – 12 pair
Spinal nerves – 31 pair
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.
Each pair connects the spinal cord with a specific region of the body.

Cerebrum:

The largest part of the brain.
Numerous fissures and folds are seen.
The grey coloured outer part of cerebrum is called Cortex and the white coloured inner part is called Medulla.
Centre of thought, intelligence, memory and imagination.
Evokes sensations.
Controls voluntary movements.

Cornea – The projected transparent anterior part of the sclera which refracts light rays to focus on the retina.

Conjunctiva – The layer which covers and protects the front part of sclera except the cornea.

Iris – The part of the choroid seen behind the cornea. Presence of the pigment melanin gives the iris a dark colour.

Pupil – The aperture seen at the centre of the iris. The size of this aperture increases and decreases depending on the intensity of light.

Rod cells contain the visual pigment called rhodopsin. This pigment is formed from a protein named opsin and retinal which is a derivative of Vitamin A. Since they are activated even in dim light, we are able to see objects in dim light. These cells cannot detect colour.

Speed of wave : The speed at which a wave travels in a second.
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a particle from equilibrium. It is denoted by the letter a.
Period : The period of a wave is the time it takes for a particle in the medium to complete a vibration as it travels. It is denoted by the letter T. The unit of period is s (s).
Frequency : Frequency is the number of vibrations per second.

Synapse is the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a muscle cell or a neuron and a glandular cell.

When electric impulses from the axon reach the synaptic knob, certain chemical substances are secreted from there to the synaptic cleft. These chemical substances are called neurotransmitters.

Sensory nerve (formed of sensory nerve fibres) – carries impulses from various parts of the body to the brain and the spinal cord.
Motor nerve (formed of motor nerve fibres) – carries impulses from brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body.
Mixed nerve (formed of sensory nerve fibres and motor nerve fibres) – carries impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord.

Sensory nerve (formed of sensory nerve fibres) – carries impulses from various parts of the body to the brain and the spinal cord.
Motor nerve (formed of motor nerve fibres) – carries impulses from brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body.
Mixed nerve (formed of sensory nerve fibres and motor nerve fibres) – carries impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord.

The work done on an object depends on the force applied to the object and the displacement of the object.

If f is the force exerted by Newton on a given object and the force s displaces in the direction of the force, then W = Fs.

The unit of action is Nm and is also called the joule.

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