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Prolactin is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals (and birds), usually females, to produce milk. It is influential in over 300 separate processes in various vertebrates, including humans. Prolactin is secreted from the pituitary gland in response to eating, mating, estrogen treatment, ovulation and nursing.

Tetany is a medical sign consisting of the involuntary contraction of muscles, which may be caused by disorders that increase the action potential frequency of muscle cells or the nerves that innervate them.
Tetany is characterized by contraction of distal muscles of the hands and feet and is associated with tingling around the mouth and distally in the limbs.

The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla.

Addison’s disease is a long-term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.
Addison’s disease arises from problems with the adrenal gland such that not enough of the steroid hormone cortisol and possibly aldosterone are produced, most often due to damage by the body’s own immune system in the developed world and tuberculosis in the developing world.

Vitamin B1 is a vitamin found in food, and manufactured as a dietary supplement and medication. Food sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, and some meats and fish. Grain processing removes much of the thiamine content, so in many countries cereals and flours are enriched with thiamine.

Vitamin B 1 – Thiamine
Vitamin B 2 – Riboflavin
Vitamin B 3 – Niacin

Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin
Vitamin B3 – Niacin
Vitamin B5 – Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6 – Pyridoxin

Pellagra defines systemic disease as resulting from a marked cellular deficiency of niacin. It is characterized by 4 “D’s”: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.

C V Raman discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes wavelength and amplitude. This phenomenon, subsequently known as Raman scattering, results from the Raman effect.

Sparkling of Diamond
It is due to Total internal reflection(TIR). When the light rays enter diamond it acts as a prism and disperses the light in its seven constituent colours and after when these colours strike the others surface of diamond TIR takes place and then after emerging the white light again combines into white light and we see the diamonds as if they are sparkling.

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