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Butane is an organic compound with the formula (/ C{4}H{10} /) that is an alkane with four carbon atoms.

The term may refer to either of two structural isomers, n-butane or isobutane (also called
“methylpropane”), or to a mixture of these isomers.

In the IUPAC nomenclature, however, “butane” refers only to the n-butane isomer (which is the isomer with the unbranched structure).

Butanes are highly flammable, colorless, easily liquefied gases that quickly vaporize at room temperature.

The name butane comes from the roots but- (from butyric acid, named after the Greek word for butter) and -ane.

It was discovered by the chemist Edward Frankland in 1849.[6] It was found dissolved in crude petroleum in 1864 by Edmund Ronalds, who was the first to describe its properties.

Normal butane can be used for gasoline blending, as a fuel gas, fragrance extraction solvent, either
alone or in a mixture with propane, and as a feedstock for the manufacture of ethylene and butadiene, a
key ingredient of synthetic rubber.

Isobutane is primarily used by refineries to enhance (increase) the octane number of motor gasoline.

When blended with propane and other hydrocarbons, it may be referred to commercially as LPG, for
liquefied petroleum gas. It is used as a petrol component, as a feedstock for the production of base
petrochemicals in steam cracking, as fuel for cigarette lighters and as a propellant in aerosol sprays such
as deodorants.

Sunburn is a form of radiation burn that affects living tissue, such as skin, that results from an
overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, usually from the Sun. Common symptoms in humans and other animals include: red or reddish skin that is hot to the touch or painful, general fatigue, and mild dizziness. Excessive UV radiation can be life-threatening in extreme cases. Excessive UV radiation is the leading cause of, primarily, non-malignant skin tumors. Sunburn is an inflammatory response in the tissue triggered by direct DNA damage by UV radiation. When the cells’ DNA is overly damaged by UV radiation, type I cell-death is triggered and the tissue is replaced. Sun protective measures including sunscreen and sun protective clothing are widely accepted to prevent sunburn and some types of skin cancer.
Special populations, including children, are especially susceptible to sunburn and protective measures should be used to prevent damage.

Persistence of vision traditionally refers to the optical illusion that occurs when visual perception of an
object does not cease for some time after the rays of light proceeding from it have ceased to enter the eye.

The illusion has also been described as “retinal persistence”, “persistence of impressions”,simply
“persistence” and other variations.

Potassium iodate is often used as a reference material to standardize a sodium thiosulfate solution which is a familiar titrant for redox titrations.

In the standardization, iodine (triiodide) liberated by potassium iodate in an acidic potassium iodide solution is titrated with a sodium thiosulfate solution.

The iodine liberation process is significantly affected by the amount of acid, that of potassium iodide added, the waiting time for the liberation, and light; therefore, the process plays a key role for the accuracy of the titration results.

Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical used in oxidation reactions, treatment of various inorganic and organic
pollutants, bleaching processes in pulp, paper and textile industries and for various disinfection applications. It
is a mono propellant, which, when purified, is self-decomposing at high temperatures or when a catalyst is
present. Decomposing to yield only oxygen and water(disproportionation), hydrogen peroxide is one of the
cleanest, most versatile chemicals available.

A xerophyte is a species of plant that has adaptations to survive in an environment with little liquid water, such as a desert or an ice- or snow-covered region in the Alps or the Arctic.

The structural features (morphology) and fundamental chemical processes (physiology) of xerophytes are variously adapted to conserve water, also common to store large quantities of water, during dry periods.

Other species are able to survive long periods of extreme dryness or desiccation of their tissues, during which their metabolic activity may effectively shut down.

Xerophytes such as cacti are capable of withstanding extended periods of dry conditions as they have deep-spreading roots and capacity to store water.

The leaves are waxy and thorny that prevents loss of water and moisture. Even their fleshy stems can store water.

Voltage between two phase 400 v
phase and Neutral is 230 v
The voltage at the point where the three phases meet is always zero

The first written record of alum, made by Greek historian Herodotus, dates back to the 5th century BCE.

The ancients are known to have used alum as a dyeing mordant and for city defense.

After the Crusades, alum, an indispensable good in the European fabric industry, was a subject of international commerce; it was imported to Europe from the eastern Mediterranean until the mid-15th century.

The nature of alum remained unknown. Around 1530, Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested alum was a salt of an earth of alum.
In 1595, German doctor and chemist Andreas Libavius experimentally confirmed this.

In 1722, German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann announced his belief that the base of alum was a distinct earth.

In 1754, German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf synthesized alumina by boiling clay in sulfuric acid and subsequently adding potash.

Thermoplastic materials are those materials which do not become hard with the application of heat and pressure and no chemical change occurs.

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