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Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only spines, which are highly modified leaves.
Defending against herbivores, spines help to prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade.
In the absence of leaves, enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis.

Local food (local food movement or locavore) is a movement of people who prefer to eat foods which are grown or farmed relatively close to the places of sale and preparation.

Local food movements aim to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region, in order to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies; or to affect the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place.

The term has also been extended to include not only the geographic location of supplier and consumer but can also be “defined in terms of social and supply chain characteristics.” For example, local food initiatives often promote sustainable and organic farming practices, although these are not explicitly related to the geographic proximity of producer and consumer.

Local food represents an alternative to the global food model, a model which often sees food traveling long distances before it reaches the consumer. A local food network involves relationships between food producers, distributors, retailers, and consumers in a particular place, where they work together to increase food security and ensure economic, ecological and social sustainability of a community.

Consumers are organisms that eat organisms from a different population. These organisms are formally referred to as heterotrophs, which include animals, some bacteria and fungi. Such organisms may consume by various means, they are called primary consumers.

Within an ecological food chain, Consumers are categorized into primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers. Primary consumers are herbivores, feeding on plants. Secondary consumers, on the other hand, are carnivores and prey on other animals. Omnivores, who feed on both plants and animals, can also be considered a secondary consumer.

Tertiary consumers, sometimes also known as apex predators, are usually at the top of food chains, capable of feeding on secondary consumers and primary consumers. Tertiary consumers can be either fully carnivorous or omnivorous.

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Momentum is the mass times the velocity. So if you multiply the mass times the acceleration, you get the rate of change of momentum.

Both surface tension and viscosity decreases with increase in temperature. This decreasing phenomenon occurs due to lowering of intermolecular force of attraction or cohesive force between liquid molecules as temperature increases.

Radiocarbon dating is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon. The method was developed in the late 1940s by Willard Libby, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1960.

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26.
It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core.
It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust.
Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters the iron into space.

Amacrine cells are interneurons in the retina. Amacrine cells operate at the inner nuclear layer (also called stratum nucleares internum) (INL), the second synaptic retinal layer where bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells form synapses.

A pheromone is a chemical that an animal produces which changes the behavior of another animal of the same species.
Some describe pheromones as behavior-altering agents. Many people do not know that pheromones trigger other behaviors in the animal of the same species, apart from sexual behavior.

The probes used for DNA fingerprinting are usually prepared from minisatellite or microsatellite DNA
Any piece of DNA sample found at a crime scene can be analysed for the level of polymorphism in the non-coding repetitive sequences.
After the DNA profile is traced, it becomes easier to find the criminal by performing the DNA fingerprinting for the suspects.
Apart from crime scenes, Fingerprinting applications also prove useful in finding the parents of an unclaimed baby by conducting a paternity test on a DNA sample from the baby.

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