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A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification since it “straightens” the direction of the current.

A moderator is a material used in a nuclear reactor to slow down the neutrons produced from fission. By slowing the neutrons down the probability of a neutron interacting with Uranium-235 nuclei is greatly increased thereby maintaining the chain reaction.

Blood lactate levels represent the balance between lactate production and lactate metabolism.
The liver is responsible for the major part of lactate metabolism.
Inadequate oxygen delivery and tissue hypoxia, irrespective of the underlying etiology, results in increased lactate generation.

India also relies excessively on groundwater resources, which accounts for over 50 percent of irrigated area with 20 million tube wells installed.
India has built nearly 5,000 major or medium dams, barrages, etc. to store the river waters and enhance ground water recharging.
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world’s five oceanic divisions, covering 70,560,000 km2 or 19.8% of the water on Earth’s surface.

Vitamin B7, also called biotin, is a vital part of a healthy metabolism and creating important enzymes. Biotin is often used to strengthen hair and nails, and is also called Vitamin H (for hair). Beri Beri is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin B.

Quartzite is a hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure quartz sandstone.
Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts.

The largest ecosystem of the earth is the biosphere. The atmosphere of the whole earth from oceans to mountains, deserts to the forest, all is covered by it. Though the ecosystem of the earth can be divided into many narrow subdivisions and are known as hydrosphere, biosphere, Lithosphere and the Biome.

A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet’s hydrosphere can be liquid, vapour, or ice. On Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes and rivers.

If the earth stops rotating then the value of ‘g’at equator will increase because when the earth rotates the gravity at every point remains uniform and when it stops rotating, the gravity increases as pressure is exerted on only one point at the equator.

Second law of thermodynamics: In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind (machines that spontaneously convert thermal energy into mechanical work) are impossible.
The second law is applicable to a wide variety of processes, reversible and irreversible.
All natural processes are irreversible.
Reversible processes are a useful and convenient theoretical fiction, but do not occur in nature.
A prime example of irreversibility is in the transfer of heat by conduction or radiation.
It was known long before the discovery of the notion of entropy that when two bodies initially of different temperatures come into thermal connection, then heat always flows from the hotter body to the colder one.
The second law tells also about kinds of irreversibility other than heat transfer, for example those of friction and viscosity, and those of chemical reactions.
The notion of entropy is needed to provide that wider scope of the law.

Chlorination is the easiest way to purify huge amount of water within less time so is used in muncipalities.
Water must be made safe to drink, and an important step in ensuring water safety is disinfection. Chlorination, ozone, ultraviolet light, and chloramines are primary methods for disinfection. However, potassium permanganate, photocatalytic disinfection, nanofiltration, and chlorine dioxide can also be used.

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