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A cataract is a clouding or opaque area over the lens of the eye – an area that is normally transparent. As this thickening occurs, it prevents light rays from passing through the lens and focusing on the retina – the light sensitive tissue lining located in the back of the eye.

Hydrogenated fats are liquid vegetable oils made creamy through a process called “hydrogenation.” Margarine is a processed food that is designed to taste and look similar to butter. margarine are made from vegetable oils by hydrogenation process.
Butter, Olive oil and creams are non-hydrogenated fats.

Blights are plant disease caused by pathogens. It is mainly caused by fungusand bacterias.
However, the Leaf blight in rice is caused by a bacteria named Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.

Salinization results in rising of salt content and makes the land unsuitable for farming.
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization.
Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also come about through artificial processes such as irrigation and road salt.

Silicosis is a lung disease. It usually happens in jobs where you breathe in dust that contains silica. That’s a tiny crystal found in sand, rock, or mineral ores like quartz. Over time, silica can build up in your lungs and breathing passages. This leads to scarring that makes it hard to breathe.

Cinchona, also known as red cinchona and quina , is native to Central and South America. It is known as a medicinal plant for its bark’s high quinine content- and has similar uses to Cinchona officinalis in the production of quinine, most famously used for treatment of malaria.

One piece of Chocolate Brownie gives 281 calories. Out of which carbohydrates comprise 117 calories, proteins account for 16 calories and remaining calories come from fat which is 157 calories.

Itai-itai disease is caused by cadmium (Cd) exposure.
Acute lead poisoning is also known as Plumbism.
Byssinosis is a disease of the lungs.
Neuralgia is a stabbing, burning, and often severe pain due to an irritated or damaged nerve.

A low-lying open area out of the city where garbage is collected and dumped is known as a landfill. The garbage is loaded into the truck and dumped in the landfill. When that area is fully covered with the garbage, it is covered with layers of soil. Landfills are commonly found in developing countries.
Vermiculture method is useful for the disposal of biodegradable waste. Can’t use for all kinds of garbage.
Incineration method is mainly used to dispose of the medical waste. In this method, garbage is burnt at a high temperature in a special furnace called Incinerator.

fluoride is an essential element in drinking water.excess of fluoride causes fluorosis.

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