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Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants.

Antibiosis is a biological interaction between two or more organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them; it can also be an antagonistic association between an organism and the metabolic substances produced by another.

Mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.

Recombination is a process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles. This recombination process creates genetic diversity at the level of genes that reflects differences in the DNA sequences of different organisms.

X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV.
X-rays are a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves. X-ray imaging creates pictures of the inside of your body.
The most familiar use of x-rays is checking for broken bones, but x-rays are also used in other ways. For example, chest x-rays can spot pneumonia.

Both DNA and RNA use adenine, guanine and cytosine as the nucleotides in their chain (the bits representing the genetic code), but where DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil.

Phenol (hydroxybenzene) is a colourless, crystalline substance of characteristic odour, soluble in water and organic solvents.
Phenol in water solution is sometimes called carbolic acid.
Phenols differs from aliphatic alcohols which hydroxyl group is bonded to a saturated carbon atom.
They have antiseptic property and are used in formulating disinfectants, deodorizers, and pesticides.

Geometrical isomers have different spatial arrangement.
A geometric isomer describes the orientation of a functional group in a compound.
Generally in a geometric isomer, the atoms are bonded by a double bond that does not rotate but it can also happen because of the ring structure.

A pair of enantiomer are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.
Two compounds with the exact same connectivity, that are mirror images of each other but that are not identical to each other are called enantiomers.
The more common definition of an enantiomer is that it is not superimposable on its mirror image.

An aldose is a monosaccharide (a simple sugar) with a carbon backbone chain with a carbonyl group on the endmost carbon atom, making it an aldehyde, and hydroxyl groups connected to all the other carbon atoms.
Aldoses can be distinguished from ketoses, which have the carbonyl group away from the end of the molecule, and are therefore ketones.
Aldehydes and Ketones are often called as methanoyl or formyl group.
The carbon atom of this group has 2 remaining bonds that might be occupied by aryl or alkyl or substituents.
If neither of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is a Ketone.
If at least one is hydrogen, the compound is an Aldehyde.

The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic beverages.
An alcohol is an organic compound with a hydroxyl (OH) functional group on an aliphatic carbon atom.
Because, OH is the functional group of all alcohols, we often represent alcohols by the general formula ROH, where R is an alkyl group.
Alcohols are common in nature.

A blue moon is an additional full moon that appears in a subdivision of a year: either the third of four full moons in a season or a second full moon in a month of the common calendar.

The phrase has nothing to do with the actual colour of the moon, although a literal “blue moon” may occur in certain atmospheric conditions: e.g., if volcanic eruptions or fires leave particles in the atmosphere of just the right size to preferentially scatter red light.

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.

Ecosystems are communities of organisms and non-living matter that interact together. Each part of the ecosystem is important because ecosystems are interdependent. Damaged or imbalanced ecosystems can cause many problems.

Ecosystem functions are conceived as a subset of ecological processes and ecosystem structures. Natural processes, in turn, are the result of complex interactions between biotic (living organisms) and abiotic (chemical and physical) components of ecosystems through the universal driving forces of matter and energy.

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