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The pulsating theory

According to this theory, the expansion of the universe may be stopped by gravitational pull and they may contract again.

The alternate expansion and contraction of the universe give rise to pulsating
Dr.Allan Sandage proposed this theory

Mangalyaan

India’s first interplanetry mission – Mangalyaan
First Mars mission of ISRO – Mangalyaan
Worlds least expensive mission to Mars – Mangalyaan
The first nation to reach Mars orbit on its first attempt – India
Mangayan launched on – 5th November 2013

Subbiah Arunan is an Indian scientist and Padma Shri awardee, known for his role in the Mars Orbiter Mission of Indian Space Research Organisation. He finished his schooling in St. Mary’s Higher Secondary School, Vikramasingapuram in Tirunelveli Dist. He was born in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu and completed his Mechanical engineering from Coimbatore Institute of Technology. In 1984, he started his career in Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre. He is the project director of Mars Orbiter Mission, informally called Mangalyaan in 2013.

Potential energy is the energy in a body due to its position. While kinetic energy is the energy in a body due to its motion. The formula for potential energy is mgh, where m stands for mass, g stands for gravitational acceleration and h stands for height

The potential energy of an object at rest on the ground- Zero
As the height increases the potential energy Increases

A colloid is intermediate between a solution and a suspension.
Suspension will separate out, a colloid will not.
Colloids can be distinguished from solutions using the Tyndall effect.
Light passing through a colloidal dispersion, such as smoky or foggy air, will be reflected by the larger particles and the light beam will be visible.
Particle size is 10-1000 Angstroms. (1micrometre=10000Angstroms)

Vitamins mainly function as coenzymes. Coenzymes are organic molecules that help enzymes to work.
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.
Vitamins are essential for many metabolic processes in the body, such as energy production, cell growth and repair, and immune function.
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are the genetic material of all living cells. Substrates are the molecules that enzymes convert into products. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
Therefore, the answer is A.

An electrochemical cell is a device capable of either generating electrical energy from chemical reactions or using electrical energy to cause chemical reactions.

The high porosity of wood charcoal is responsible for its significant adsorption properties. At normal temperature wood charcoal is capable of combining with the oxygen in air; this is the reason for cases of spontaneous combustion of wood charcoal. The moisture content of wood charcoal unloaded from furnaces and retorts is 2-4 percent.

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic single-celled microorganisms belonging to the Plasmodium group.

The xanthoproteic reaction is a method that can be used to determine the amount of protein soluble in a solution, using concentrated nitric acid. The test gives a positive result in amino acids carrying aromatic groups, especially in the presence of tyrosine.

In physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.
The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that if an isolated system is subject only to conservative forces, then the mechanical energy is constant.
Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy in an object that is used to do a particular work. In other words, it describes the energy of an object because of its motion or position, or both.

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