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To separate a mixture of alcohol (ethanol) and water, you can use a process known as fractional distillation. Since ethanol boils at a lower temperature than water, the alcohol vaporizes while most of the water remains a liquid.

Molarity = moles of solute per I litre of solution
Molality = moles of solute per 1kg of solvent.

Normality is also known as the equivalent concentration of a solution.

Atomic weight is the average mass of atoms of an element, calculated using the relative abundance of isotopes in a naturally-occurring element.

Properties of cathode ray:

They are produced by the negative electrode, or cathode, in an evacuated tube, and travel towards the anode.

They travel in straight lines and cast sharp shadows.

They have energy and can do work.

They are deflected by electric and magnetic fields and have a negative charge.

Temporary hardness is due to the presence of soluble bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium in water.
Permanent hardness is due to the presence of sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium.

A graphite reactor is a nuclear reactor that uses carbon as a neutron moderator, which allows un-enriched uranium to be used as nuclear fuel. Fuels in Nuclear reactors-Uranium 233,Uranium 235,Plutonium 239.
Lubricant is a substance which is used to control (more often to reduce) friction and wear of the surfaces in a contact of the bodies in relative motion .
Depending on its nature, lubricants are also used to eliminate heat and wear debris, supply additives into the contact, transmit power, protect, seal.

The average kinetic energy of a gas particle is directly proportional to the temperature. An increase in temperature increases the speed in which the gas molecules move.
All gases at a given temperature have the same average kinetic energy.
Lighter gas molecules move faster than heavier molecules.

Hydrometallurgy is a method for obtaining metals from their ores. It is a technique within the field of extractive metallurgy involving the use of aqueous chemistry for the recovery of metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials.

Lavoisier is considered as the “father of modern chemistry”.
Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion.
He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783) and opposed the phlogiston theory.
Lavoisier seperated the elements into metals and non-metals.

A pure substance is a sample of matter with both definite and constant composition with distinct chemical properties. To avoid confusion, in chemistry a pure substance is often referred to as a “chemical substance”. Examples of pure substances include elements and compounds.

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