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A ribosome is a complex molecular machine found inside the living cells that produce proteins from amino acids during a process called protein synthesis or translation.
The process of protein synthesis is a primary function, which is performed by all living cells.
Ribosomes serve as the site of protein synthesis.
This is accomplished with transfer RNA (tRNA) for amino acid transport to the ribosome, and specific mRNA molecules.

Prophase I is subdivided into five phases: Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene and Diakinesis.
Crossing over occurs during pachytene.
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

The refining of a metal by electrolysis is known as electrolytic refining.
In the electrolytic method of obtaining aluminium from purified bauxite, cryolite is added to the charge in order to dissolve bauxite and render it a conductor of electricity.
In this process, the bottom of the electrolytic cell is coated with carbon and made up of iron.
It have tree fused layers :-
Lower layer :- contain alloy of copper and impure aluminium
Middle layer :- Contains cryolite and barium fluoride.
Upper layer :- Contains pure aluminum that acts as cathode.

Zone refining is a method of purifying crystals, in which a narrow region of a crystal is melted, and this molten zone is moved along the crystal.
The molten region melts impure solid at its forward edge and leaves a wake of purer material solidified behind it as it moves through the ingot.
The impurities concentrate in the melt, and are moved to one end of the ingot.
Zone refining was invented by John Desmond Bernal and further developed by William Gardner Pfann as a method to prepare high purity materials, mainly semiconductors, for manufacturing transistors.
Eg: silicon, germanium etc are purified by this process.

The Curie-Weiss law is one of the important laws in electromagnetism that says that the magnetic susceptibility is above the Curie temperature point of a ferromagnet in the paramagnetic region.
Curie-Weiss law is obeyed by iron at a temperature above curie temperature.

Graphite is a crystalline form of the element carbon. It consists of stacked layers of graphene.
Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on large scale for uses in pencils, lubricants, and electrodes.
Graphite is covalent solid. Strong covalent bonds are present in between C atoms in graphite. Another example of a covalent solid is diamond.

When chloroform is heated with silver powder, double displacement reaction occurs. Due to it , two products namely Acetylene and silver chloride (AgCl) are formed.

Gram staining differentiates bacteria into two large groups: Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria by the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls.
Gram-positive cells have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall that retains the primary stain, crystal violet.
Gram-negative cells have a thinner peptidoglycan layer that allows the crystal violet to wash out on addition of ethanol.

Painkillers cause chemical changes to the brain and also kills brain cells. The most affected areas of the brain are those areas that deal with cognition, learning and memory. Painkiller use and abuse also can affect nerve cells.

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