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A vascular spasm is a sudden and brief tightening or constricting of a blood vessel.
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot, known as a thrombus, within a blood vessel.
Hemostasis or haemostasis is a process which causes bleeding to stop.
During coiagulation liquid blood change to jell form.

The mitral valve is also known as the bicuspid valve.
This is one of the heart’s four valves that help prevent blood from flowing backward as it moves through the heart.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, also called ELISA or EIA, is a test that detects and measures antibodies in your blood.
This test can be used to determine if you have antibodies related to certain infectious conditions.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an immunological assay commonly used to measure antibodies, antigens, proteins and glycoproteins in biological samples.
Some examples include: diagnosis of HIV infection, pregnancy tests, and measurement of cytokines or soluble receptors in cell supernatant or serum

Monoclonals are a class of antibodies with identical offspring of a hybridoma and are very specific for a particular location in the body derived from a single clone and can be grown indefinitely.
Those antibodies are named monoclonal because they come from only 1 type of cell, which is the hybridoma cell.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusion of myeloma cells (cancer cells) with antibody-producing cells, resulting in production of hybridomas.

Gunpowder, also known as a black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpetre). The sulfur and charcoal act as fuels while the saltpetre is an oxidizer.

Wrought iron, Cast iron and Pig iron are the different forms of iron
Wrought iron is the purest one. it contains 0.12 to 0.25 % carbon and is thus the purest form of iron
Pig iron is used as a raw material for iron steel making

The answer is A. Gas exchange first occurs in the lungs.
The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system and are responsible for gas exchange between the blood and the air. The lungs contain millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels.
When we inhale, oxygen from the air enters the alveoli. The oxygen then diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli and into the capillaries. At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli.
When we exhale, the carbon dioxide in the alveoli is released into the air. The oxygen in the capillaries then diffuses into the tissues of the body.

In Amoeba the bubble-like contractile vacuole swells with excess fluid from the cytoplasm.
Its membrane then pumps valuable ions back into the cytoplasm, leaving mainly water in the vacuole.
Contractile proteins surrounding the vacuole then abruptly compress it, ejecting the water out of the cell through a pore in the cell membrane.
This organelle resembles the kidney by expelling out excess water.

Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Early symptoms include weakness, feeling tired, and sore arms and legs. Without treatment, decreased red blood cells, gum disease, changes to hair, and bleeding from the skin may occur.
Causes?: ?Lack of ?vitamin C
Symptoms?: ?Weakness, feeling tired, changes hair, sore arms and legs, gum disease, easy bleeding

Treatment?: ?Vitamin C supplements

The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), previously known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), is a Flagship-class space observatory launched on STS-93 by NASA on July 23, 1999.The telescope is named after the Nobel Prize-winning Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.He was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics with William A. Fowler for “Theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars”.

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